老託福閱讀真題及答案：PASSAGE30
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老託福閱讀真題及答案：PASSAGE 30
PASSAGE 30
Butterflies are among the most extensively studied insects — it is estimated that 90 percent of the world's species have scientific names. As a consequence, they are perhaps the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. Butterflies also have a favorable image with the general public. Hence, they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity.
Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the past century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. For example, in 1875 one biologist pointed out the diversity of butterflies in the Amazon when he mentioned that about 700 species were found within an hour's walk, whereas the total number found on the British islands did not exceed 66, and the whole of Europe supported only 321. This early comparison of tropical and temperate butterfly richness has been well confirmed.
A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones, but also patterns within each region, and how these patterns vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness within temperate or tropical regions, rather man between them, is poorly understood. Indeed, comparisons of numbers of species among the Amazon basin, tropical Asia, and Africa are still mostly personal communication citations, even for vertebrates. In other words, unlike comparison between temperate and tropical areas, these patterns are still in the documentation phase.
In documenting geographical variation in butterfly diversity, some arbitrary, practical decisions are made. Diversity, number of species, and species richness are used synonymously; little is known about the evenness of butterfly distribution. The New World butterflies make up the preponderance of examples because they are the most familiar species. It is hoped that by focusing on them, the errors generated by imperfect and incomplete taxonomy will be minimized.
1. Which aspect of butterflies does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Their physical characteristics
(B) Their names
(C) Their adaptation to different habitats
(D) Their variety
2. The word consequence in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) result
(B) explanation
(C) analysis
(D) requirement
3. Butterflies are a good example for communicating information about conservation issues
because they
(A) are simple in structure
(B) are viewed positively by people
(C) have been given scientific names
(D) are found mainly in temperate climates
4. The word striking in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) physical
(B) confusing
(C) noticeable
(D) successful
5. The word exceed in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) locate
(B) allow
(C) go beyond
(D) come close to
6. All of the following are mentioned as being important parts of a general theory of diversity
EXCEPT
(A) differences between temperate and tropical zones
(B) patterns of distribution of species in each region
(C) migration among temperate and tropical zones
(D) variation of patterns of distribution of species among different animals and plants
7. The author mentions tropical Asia in lines 19 as an example of a location where
(A) butterfly behavior varies with climate
(B) a general theory of butterfly diversity has not yet been firmly established
(C) butterflies are affected by human populations
(D) documenting plant species is more difficult than documenting butterfly species
8. Which of the following is NOT well understood by biologists?
(A) European butterfly habitats
(B) Differences in species richness between temperate and tropical regions
(C) Differences in species richness within a temperate or a tropical region
(D) Comparisons of behavior patterns of butterflies and certain animal groups
9. The word generated in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) requested
(B) caused
(C) assisted
(D) estimated
PASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB
託福閱讀考試中的陷阱總結
“陷阱”一：細節題考查精確定位。
託福閱讀中的細節題其實不難，但前提是定位的點要對，比如下面這個例題：
Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country, it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?
A. It is native to lowlands and marshes.
B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie.
D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied.
這是一個典型的細節題，在該題題幹中，有的考生會選擇Puget Sound作爲關鍵詞回原文定位，因爲它是專有名詞，在文中會比較顯眼。但是如果一旦選擇了這個地名，勢必會定位在該段的第一句話，託福細節題往往是定位在哪句就在哪句找答案，這樣的話考生是選不出正確答案的，因爲定位不精確。其實正確的關鍵詞應該是white-tailed deer，這個用連字符連接的詞在文章中也是比較醒目的，按該詞定位應是該段最後一句話。所以根據它的意思應該選D項。其中A項與原句意思不符，B和C都與定位句信息無關。我們再來看另外一個否定事實細節題的例子：
Plant communities assemble themselves flexibly, and their structure depends on the particular history of the area. Ecologists use the term “succession” to refer to the changes that happen in plant communities and ecosystems over time. The first community in a succession is called a pioneer community, while the long-lived community at the end of succession is called a climax community. Pioneer and successional plant communities are said to change over periods from 1 to 500 years. These changes—in plant numbers and the mix of species—are cumulative. Climax communities themselves change but over periods of time greater than about 500 years.
According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true of climax communities?
A. They occur at the end of a succession.
B. They last longer than any other type of community.
C. The numbers of plants in them and the mix of species do not change
D. They remain stable for at least 500 years at a time.
這個題大家都會選擇用climax communities去定位，但在定位過程中會出現很多問題。首先考生要學會跳躍式定位，即根據文章中特殊的標點符號以及最醒目的詞來搜索我們真正需要的關鍵詞。文中的particular是加了陰影的，succession是在引號裏面的，都非常醒目，通過看這兩個詞我們會發現它們附近沒有我們需要的東西;再比較突出的就是數字及破折號，在500的上方有a climax community，但它是單數，與題幹關鍵詞不完全匹配，細節題講究的是精確定位，所以我們應該選擇500斜下方的Climax communities，即該段的最後一句話。否定事實細節題的出題思路有兩種：一是無中生有，即根據定位點的內容，四個選項只有一個沒有提到，這種思路多適用於選項比較簡短的題目;二是張冠李戴，即根據定位點的內容表述，只有一個選項與之矛盾，這種思路多適應於選項比較長的題目。就這個例題而言，根據定位的最後一句話，從表述上來說跟它相關的只有C和D兩個選項，D項的意思與原句相符，而C項與原句矛盾，所以正確答案是C。綜上所述，做新託福閱讀的細節題，最重要的一點就是要儘量地去精確定位。
“陷阱”二：無方向中隱藏方向。
新託福閱讀考試中絕大部分題目都是對應具體段落的，這會爲考生節省很多時間。但是也不排除有少量題目的範圍比較大或比較模糊，考生在尋找答案時難免一頭霧水，費時費力。其實這些看似沒有明確定位方向的題目都是暗藏玄機的。下面我們就來看一個例子：
Wind power has a significant cost advantage over nuclear power and has become competitive with coal-fired power plants in many places. With new technological advances and mass production, projected cost declines should make wind power one of the world’s cheapest ways to produce electricity. In the long run, electricity from large wind farms in remote areas might be used to make hydrogen gas from water during periods when there is less than peak demand for electricity. The hydrogen gas could then be fed into a storage system and used to generate electricity when additional or backup power is needed.
Wind power is most economical in areas with steady winds. In areas where the wind dies down, backup electricity from a utility company or from an energy storage system becomes necessary. Backup power could also be provided by linking wind farms with a solar cell, with conventional or pumped-storage hydropower, or with efficient natural-gas-burning turbines. Some drawbacks to wind farms include visual pollution and noise, although these can be overcome by improving their design and locating them in isolated areas.
Based on the information in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Texas mentioned at the end of paragraph 1?
rely largely on coal-fired power plants.
contain remote areas where the winds rarely die down.
1 percent of the electricity in these states is produced by wind farms.
farms in these states are being expanded to meet the power needs of the United States.
這個題目的題干涉及到三個段落，而事實上考生根本不需要去看第一段的內容，因爲答案依據的是第三、四段的信息，但是這兩個段落如果都看的話內容也不少，從應試的角度來說太費時間。正確的做法應該是從選項中挖掘一下方向。A項裏大家一般都會選擇有連字符的coal-fired作爲關鍵詞去定位，B項沒有比較顯眼的詞就只能選名詞短語remote areas，C項選1 percent， D項選the United States。選完關鍵詞我們不難發現除了B項不大好定位以外，其他三個選項的關鍵詞都很醒目。經過定位，A項應該去比對第3段的第一句話，意思明顯矛盾;B項不好找，可以暫且跳過;C項和D項的關鍵詞在這兩段都找不到，這就屬於新託福閱讀中推理題的錯誤答案設計方法之一 —— 無中生有。所以雖然我們沒有去驗證B項的說法是否正確，但經過排除也只能選B了。這樣的做題方法就會省時省力，且答案也是正確的。在考試中，這種情況往往會影響考生的心情，進而影響水平的發揮，但是隻要我們瞭解了ETS出題的套路就能把它們輕鬆搞定。
託福閱讀四種題型的解題方法
語感偏弱要短期內突破
首先，默認你的語法學得不錯，默認你的詞彙量達到四級水平。否則……高中英語先補起來。
先說一說限定題條件，即語感必須達到一定的水平。閱讀水平可以分爲兩個大層次，第一層是語感偏弱階段。如果任何一篇託福閱讀文本，每段都能讀懂第一句，但第二句就迷糊了，第三句就完全迷失了，哪怕每個單詞都認識，就是不知道作者在說什麼，這就是典型語感偏弱。一般而言，語感偏弱的最高分也就是25分。
語感偏弱的同學的問題主要是閱讀量不夠，基礎不夠紮實，哪怕分數提高了題目做對了，很多時候對文章本身仍是毫無把握。這樣的情況其實可以通過大約20篇到30篇的託福閱讀訓練在短期內改善。這個過程一般一個星期就能完成，儘管過程會比較痛苦。但可以把這過程當成是閱讀百科全書一樣，饒有興趣地去閱讀吧。
這個階段做題會錯，但不要緊張，尤其不要撇開文章而只是研究解題方法。總而言之，語感偏弱是必須要解決的基礎問題，如果想拿25分以上的高分，就必須攻克。
做題前的整體把握
要想做好閱讀，第一分鐘是非常重要的，這一分鐘要做兩件事，一是文章的方向性把握，二是文章分論點的瀏覽。
先看標題，再花30秒左右的時間看第一段，找出其主要內容+方向+指示詞。主要內容就是該篇文章要講的事情。方向就是作者對他所要說的這件事情的態度，分爲正面態度和反面態度，比如對事實真假的判斷，對事物好壞的判斷。指示詞即遞進或轉折詞。如果能力再強點可以多看一點，儘可能找出文章中出現的概念和文章行文的邏輯。
各題型解決方案
接下來就是重頭戲：閱讀解題方法的總結歸納，純技術內容。
★第一種題型：句型插入題
句型插入題，考察的是什麼呢?是指示代詞與結構指示成分。
指示代詞就是這個那個之類，結構指示成分就是first second for one thing這種。正確的插入位置會讓句子與句子之間形成極強的關聯關係，如此強大以至於你不必?a href="">婦科淠諶荻齟穎礱嫺穆嘸暇湍莧隙ǎ蛘呋崾溝鎂渥又械慕峁怪甘境煞窒緣夢薇羣鮮省?/p>
★第二種題型：最後一題
最後一題的典型是六選三，這一題考察的是文章的分論點。而分論點可以很明確地通過每段第一句話得到。
最後一題解題方法的關鍵就是：分論點中提到的細節如果出現則不能選。比如說，一共4個分論點但卻有6個選項，其中就會有分論點的錯誤表述，所以必然要拉上幾個細節內容充數。當然也不排除出題
人會莫名其妙弄出個和文章不相關的東西充數。這一題型的做法就是，識別出充數的3個選項，它們要麼是細節，要麼是NOT GIVEN，要麼就是錯誤表述。
★第三種題型：三缺一題型
三缺一是十分討厭的一種題型，因爲不得不在一個很大的文本範圍內尋找證據排除選項。可以從文中找出3個來，然後選那個你死活找不出來的選項。這是笨辦法。聰明的辦法是，先看選項，用一秒鐘給他們貼標籤。
★第四種題型：句子改寫題
句子改寫題從正反兩個方面下手。正面解決句子是必須要做的，一般不會出現看不懂的情況，而是句子結構比較複雜(人爲製造的複雜)，比如A,like B, is better than C, not D, because of E.
先把句子的從句結構、比較結構、獨立成分和插入語全都理出來，而不要去管它的內容。把握了這個句子的骨骼，而不要管肥肉瘦肉。一般而言，這樣做至少能排除掉兩個錯得離譜的選項。
老託福閱讀真題及答案：PASSAGE 30
