老託福閱讀真題附答案passage19

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老託福閱讀真題附答案passage19

The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.

This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.

When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.

(B) The evolution of cities in North America

(C) Trade between North American and European cities

(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.

2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to

(A) North American colonies

(B) cities

(C) centuries

(D) town economies

3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?

(A) Their economic success

(B) The type of merchandise they exported

(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements

(D) The pace of their development

4. The word "accordingly" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) as usual

(B) in contrast

(C) to some degree

(D) for that reason

5. According to the passage,early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to

(A) an abundance of natural resources

(B) financial support from colonial governments

(C) proximity to parts of Europe

(D) a favorable climate

6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?

(A) Manufacturing equipment

(B) Capital goods

(C) Consumer goods

(D) Raw materials

7. According to the passage,all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the

(A) location of the plantations

(B) access of plantation owners to shipping

(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents

(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations

8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were

(A) more prosperous

(B) smaller

(C) less economically self-sufficient

(D) tied less closely to England than to France

9. The word "recorded" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) imagined

(B) discovered

(C) documented

(D) planned

10. The word "drawing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) attracting

(B) employing

(C) instructing

(D) representing

11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of

(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth

(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade

(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms

(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states

正確答案:BBDDC DCBCA C

託福閱讀常見的問題

託福閱讀必須要讀懂每字每句?

託福閱讀考試中許多考生認爲閱讀文章時必須要讀懂每字每句，事實上，這是不必要的。託福閱讀考試中，即使遇到陌生的詞，但是根據上下文的意思以及自己的一些常識判斷，也不太會影響對文章的理解。特別是託福閱讀這種題目涉及面廣，信息量大的形式，掌握閱讀和答題的技巧，對在託福閱讀考試中是會有很大幫助的。

在託福閱讀中，甚至可以擴展到ETS所有考試的閱讀題目中，如果要用一個詞來概括的話，那就是paraphrase，意譯。無論是題幹還是正確選項，大都能在原文中找出一句話來與之相對應。即題目是原文的意譯。這種意譯是通過同義詞來完成的。即題幹中多用近義詞來對原文中的句子進行替換，來達到提出問題或者提出正確答案的意思。準確把握意譯，是多數題目中準確在原文中定位信息、或者在迷惑選項中選出正確的那個，都有着重要的作用。在後面的文章裏我會結合實例解釋這一點。

託福閱讀先看題目還是先看文章?

關於先看題目還是先看文章的問題。也就是做題時間安排的問題。在此問題上我與有的朋友也有過爭執。我個人習慣是先用5—7分鐘的時間通讀全文，然後平均每個問題有1分鐘的時間來回答。由於對問題的回答建立在了熟悉全文的基礎上，每個問題又有足夠的時間返回全文，每個選項都一一進行斟酌。我認爲這樣準確率比較高。但有的朋友本着居家過日子的心，認爲1000多字的文章只出十幾個題，必然有一些信息是沒用的。這樣通讀全文就會浪費掉一些時間，不如先看題再回去找來的痛快。對此我不好妄加評論。每個人都應該通過考前大量的練習來制定出最爲適合自己的方法。

託福閱讀複習時間安排

關於複習的時間安排。我認爲，弄完詞彙以後，就應該着手突擊一下閱讀了。如今各種各樣的模擬題猶如英語輔導班一樣大量涌現。不會出現我們早期考生有題捨不得做的情況了。但也不能太急功近利，單詞沒弄好就硬上閱讀，有時候會適得其反。用1周的時間大量的突擊，也是對單詞的一個鞏固。找到感覺以後就可以開始下面的複習了。複習聽力口語作文的日子裏，每天一定要最少做3篇文章的題量，按照考試的時間要求，千萬不可放鬆。做得多了，就可以把閱讀當作一種放鬆了。ETS的閱讀文章能教給我們各種學科的基礎知識。(這與GRE有區別。託福的專業性文章還都處於一個啓蒙的專業水平上，不像G那麼變)閱讀還可以教給我們一些老美的思路，老美看待問題的方式。閱讀不會像你想象的那樣痛苦的。

無論是OG還是Delta，都把閱讀的題目分成十類，即：Understanding Facts and Details， Identifying Negative Facts， Locating Referents， Understanding Vocabulary in Context， Making Inferences， Determining Purposes， Recognizing Paraphrases (Simplifying sentences)， Recognizing Coherence (Sentence inserting)， Summarizing Important Ideas and Organizing information. 我將按順序一一解釋。

託福閱讀難句中英文互譯

ing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mined the desired effect – success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun – as an actor might.

戴着面具身着盛裝的人們，經常扮演各種其他人物、動物或超自然生靈，並且作爲一個扮演者所能做的，就是期盼一個在狩獵或戰役中獲勝、降雨的來臨，陽光的重現的結果。

these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.

但是這些事實不能解釋這個令人感興趣的問題，就是爲什麼在一個特殊的靠近他們出生的地方如此的集中了這麼多懷孕的魚龍。

3.A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instruments capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.

十九世紀一系列持續的機械進步，包括踏板的傳入、金屬結構的完善和鋼絲最完美的質量，最後產生了一種能容納無數音調-從最精緻的和絃到一個成熟管絃的聲音或從一個清澈的歌聲到輝煌的敲擊樂的效果-的樂器。

stomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1972 as “silent”, the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent.

雖然我們習慣於談到1972年以前的電影是無聲的，但用一句完全感性的話來說電影從來就不是沒有聲音的。

a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualifications for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces.

多年以來電影音樂的選擇程序完全掌握在導演和音樂督導手中，通常擁有這些權力的主要資格並非是自身的技藝和品味而更多的是因爲擁有大量的個人音樂素材庫。

er, they were made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth, compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow.

更進一步，他們是由一個頂層是毛紡或光滑的精紡羊毛織物製作，包含光滑，緊湊的紗線來自長羊毛的纖維染成蘭黑色、綠色、或褐色底層含有粗糙天然的和暗黃色的毛紡材料。

good measure, during the spring and summer drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the weary growers.

在春季和夏季，要精確量度乾旱、熱量、冰雹、蝗蟲和其他損失可能是一件疲勞的事情。

we today call America folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.

,M8m @ F+Xn9H　　我們今天所謂的美國民間藝術，實際上是普通老百姓的藝術、被普通老百姓創造的藝術和爲普通老百姓和日常提到的“民間人士”的藝術，是一個他們在社會日漸繁榮和休閒情況下創建的一個包含各種各樣尤其是肖像畫種類的藝術的市場。

people had no agriculture but, over thousands of years, had developed techniques and equipment to exploit their environment, basing their economy on fishing in streams and coastal waters that teemed with salmon, halibut, and other varieties of fish; gathering abalone, mussels, clams, and other shellfish from the rocky coastline; hunting land and sea mammals; and collecting wild plant foods.

他們沒有農業，但是經過幾千年，已經發展了探索自身環境的技術和設備。他們是基於大量出現鮭魚、大比目魚和其他多種魚類的自身流域和水岸捕魚的經濟;基於從落基山水岸聚集了鮑魚、蚌類、蛤和其他貝殼動物的經濟;基於捕獵地域和海洋哺乳動物的經濟;以及基於收集野生植物的食物的經濟。