老託福閱讀100篇passage33試題及答案
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老託福閱讀100篇passage 33試題及答案
PASSAGE 33
Researchers in the field of psychology have found that one of the best ways to make an important decision, such as choosing a university to attend or a business to invest in, involves the utilization of a decision worksheet. Psychologists who study optimization compare the actual decisions made by people to theoretical ideal decisions to see how similar they are. Proponents of the worksheet procedure believe that it will yield optimal, that is, the best decisions. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their essential aspects. Worksheets require defining the problem in a clear and concise way and then listing all possible solutions to the problem. Next, the pertinent considerations that will be affected by each decision are listed, and the relative importance of each consideration or consequence is determined. Each consideration is assigned a numerical value to reflect its relative importance. A decision is mathematically calculated by adding these values together. The alternative with the highest number of points emerges as the best decision.
Since most important problems are multifaceted, there are several alternatives to choose from, each with unique advantages and disadvantages. One of the benefits of a pencil and paper decision-making procedure is that it permits people to deal with more variables than their minds can generally comprehend and remember. On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at once. A worksheet can be especially useful when the decision involves a large number of variables with complex relationships. A realistic example for many college students is the question What will I do after graduation? A graduate might seek a position that offers specialized training, pursue an advanced degree, or travel abroad for a year.
A decision-making worksheet begins with a succinct statement of the problem that will also help to narrow it. It is important to be clear about the distinction between long-range and immediate goals because long-range goals often involve a different decision than short-range ones. Focusing on long-range goals, a graduating student might revise the question above to What will I do after graduation that will lead to successful career?
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) A tool to assist in making complex decisions.
(B) A comparison of actual decisions and ideal decisions
(C) Research on how people make decisions
(D) Differences between long-range and short-range decision making
2. The word essential in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) introductory
(B) changeable
(C) beneficial
(D) fundamental
3. The word pertinent in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) relevant
(B) preceding
(C) insightful
(D) responsive
4. Of the following steps, which occurs before the others in making a decision worksheet?
(A) Listing the consequences of each solution
(B) Calculating a numerical summary of each solution
(C) Deciding which consequences are most important
(D) Writing down all possible solutions
5. According to decision-worksheet theory, an optimal decision is defined as one that
(A) has the fewest variables to consider
(B) uses the most decision worksheets
(C) has the most points assigned to it
(D) is agreed to by the greatest number of people
6. The author develops the discussion in paragraph 1 by means of
(A) describing a process
(B) classifying types of worksheets
(C) providing historical background
(D) explaining a theory
7. The author states that On the average, people can keep about seven ideas in their minds at
once (lines 17-18) to explain that
(A) most decisions involve seven steps
(B) human mental capacity has limitations
(C) some people have difficulty making minor as well as major decisions
(D) people can learn to keep more than seven ideas in their minds with practice
8. The word succinct in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) creative
(B) satisfactory
(C) personal
(D) concise
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage ?
(A) Proponents (line 5)
(B) Optimal (line 5)
(C) Variables (line 17)
(D) Long-range goals (line 25)
10. The word it in line 24 refers to
(A) worksheet
(B) problem
(C) distinction
(D) decision
11. The word revise in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) ask
(B) explain
(C) change
(D) predict
PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C
託福閱讀怎麼抓住定位詞
首先介紹一下，什麼是定位詞?
其實很簡單，打個比方，你和朋友約好了去酒吧，朋友和你說酒吧在瀋陽新東方正對面，這個酒吧你是不知道地點的，也就是你的目的地;而新東方卻很熟知，那麼你只需找到新東方便可以找到酒吧了。在這裏新東方是已知的，就是用來定位的詞彙，而酒吧則是你的目的所在，也便是你要找的答案。
定位詞的稱呼有很多，如關鍵詞，主旨詞，功能詞，中心詞等等。這些只是個名稱罷了，含義都是一致的：一個可以根據題幹回原文定位，並能夠找到出處的詞，這個題幹中的詞就是定位詞 or key word。
定位詞有什麼樣的特徵?
定位詞總體特徵：不可變性和細節性
不可變性：定位詞是用來定位的，所以必須找那些回原文依然不變的詞彙，纔有意義。通常不用動詞和副詞來定位。通常是名詞或充當定語的形容詞。
細節性：不要找大概念的詞彙，更不要拿代表全文主旨的詞彙來定位。換句話說不要找那些原文一大堆的詞彙，無法定位。
如， 95年英國劍橋委員會British Council給出的唯一樣題文章的題目是:The Spectacular Eruption of Mount ns
下面有一道選擇題是“ According to the text the eruption of Mount ns and other volcanoes has influenced our climate by…”
拿這道題爲例，如果大家把Mount ns 作爲關鍵詞回原文進行定位，那你會鬱悶致死，全文主要講的就是聖海倫斯火山的噴發，原文有N多個Mount ns，所以即使這個詞屬於大寫的專有名詞，但他違背了細節性，是概括性的詞彙，也不能作爲定位詞來尋找答案。
究竟哪些詞在閱讀當中充當定位詞?
以下是定位詞的分類：
1.特殊詞彙
在閱讀中有一些詞張的比較特殊，這種詞很容易被記住，也很容易回原文定位。
好比，在大街上上看到一個人光着身子跑步-------特殊難看
一個人的個子超高，像姚明一樣------特殊長
一個人身上穿着10多種顏色的衣服，而且不停的搖頭-----特殊怪
特殊怪，特殊長，特殊難
這三種詞就是特殊詞的所有特徵，在文中看到這樣的詞，一定要警惕。如，
Sequoia 美洲杉 ---特殊怪，很好定位，也經常作爲考點。
sodium 【化學】鈉---特殊難，大家只要知道是一種化學元素足矣。
Simultaneous 同時的---特殊長，這種詞本身的特點決定應作爲定位詞。
2.數字：通常指時間，金錢和百分比。
有一個道題目是這樣問的：
“What are the dates of the TWO major eruptions before 1980?”
那麼像1980 3185$ 69%這些詞因爲長相原因，段落全是英文，突然跑出來幾個數字，十分顯眼，也就很好回原文找到他們。
3.專有名詞：斜體字，大寫人名,地名，大寫的專有名詞，這一點大家都很熟悉，不用多說。
4.特殊符號：
在特殊符號裏或者旁邊的詞，最好通過符號回原文進行定位，如“paper conversation”，(three cubic miles) 這些詞本身並沒有什麼特別，但放在符號裏面，就可以根據符號回原文進行尋找。
總之，在國外考試的閱讀中，無論是閱讀文章，還是回答後面的10幾道題目，定位詞的尋找，都是一種有效的應試策略，更是學術文章的閱讀的重要方法。
託福閱讀不同題型的方法和技巧
一、單詞題目
平時注意單詞量的積累，力求達到可以隨時隨地記憶單詞的境界。其實我們在記憶單詞的時候也可以適當地使用一些策略，那就是在我們可以把自己的側重點放在動詞和形容詞的記憶上。考試過後，你就會發現這個策略的事半功倍了。此外，對於自己不認識的單詞，我們應該主動回原文找同義詞，或找相關的提示信息。
二、找代詞指代對象的題目
在考試中，它們主要會以如下兩種形式出現。
(1)it、one、their、its、that類，這種題目主要是考查我們對於並列關係的掌握，這時，我們應該主動去看這個詞所在的那整句話，從已知話中找到處於相同地位的詞。
(2)考查由that、which涉及到的定語從句類，我們在面對這種題目時，應該有意識的在選項中找從句中謂語動詞的發起者或接受者，因爲只有這樣纔可以邁出通向勝利的第一步。
三、考查文章內容的題目
在歷次的托福考試中，也存在着兩大主要題型，即：文章細節考查題和文章結構考查題。
1、文章細節考查題
解答文章細節考查題，我們一般都可以回到原文中去做定位，找到相近或相似的內容，進而得出答案。
常見的定位有以下3種：
(1)題目本身給出定位。
(2)至少先可作出一個段落的定位。
(3)位置多夾於前後兩題位置之間。
2、文章結構考查題
一定要注意：
(1)千萬不要根據你讀的信息去作推理。
(2)不要把文章從頭到尾當成一個整體，儘可能各段獨立。
(3)根據經驗，在考試中，整篇文章的最後一句出題較多，所以應該仔細閱讀這個重要的句子。
以上是針對托福考試閱讀部分的常見題型做出的一些有關於考試解題方法與技巧的分項介紹。
在整個的閱讀考試中，我們還應該瞭解到：
(1)在這個特殊的考試時間段內，我們的記憶比理解更爲重要，在解題的時候一定要完全忠實於原文，切忌私自做出任何的主觀臆斷。
(2)在做題步驟方面，我們可以先簡讀原文(主要是各個段落的第一，二句話)，而後閱讀題目，最後觀察選項做出判斷。值得我們特別注意的是，我們在做出判斷的時候，切忌不要選擇在選項中存在比較，而在原文中沒有明確表示過的項目;切忌不要去選擇那些說法過於絕對化的選項。
老託福閱讀100篇passage 33試題及答案
