老託福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE19

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老託福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE 19

The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their raPid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.

In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.

This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.

When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms. Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.

(B) The evolution of cities in North America

(C) Trade between North American and European cities

(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.

2. The word "they" in line 4 refers to

(A) North American colonies

(B) cities

(C) centuries

(D) town economies

3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the following?

(A) Their economic success

(B) The type of merchandise they exported

(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements

(D) The pace of their development

4. The word "accordingly" in line 11 is closest in meaning to

(A) as usual

(B) in contrast

(C) to some degree

(D) for that reason

5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of North America due to

(A) an abundance of natural resources

(B) financial support from colonial governments

(C) proximity to parts of Europe

(D) a favorable climate

6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of the following for shipment to Europe?

(A) Manufacturing equipment

(B) Capital goods

(C) Consumer goods

(D) Raw materials

7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the growth of southern cities EXCEPT the

(A) location of the plantations

(B) access of plantation owners to shipping

(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents

(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations

8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern cities were

(A) more prosperous

(B) smaller

(C) less economically self-sufficient

(D) tied less closely to England than to France

9. The word "recorded" in line 26 is closest in meaning to

(A) imagined

(B) discovered

(C) documented

(D) planned

10. The word "drawing" in line 28 is closest in meaning to

(A) attracting

(B) employing

(C) instructing

(D) representing

11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of

(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth

(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade

(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms

(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states

正確答案： BBDDC DCBCA C

提升託福閱讀能力的方法有哪些？

方法一：概括地觀察

在練習時我們會讀一些文章或者段子，首先我們可以進行略讀。對於文章的首段或者每段的內容進行概括，我們就可以知道這些文章都講了些什麼，而不是去通讀，逐字去讀，逐詞去讀，這樣不僅浪費時間，而且對於自己的閱讀能力的提升也是微乎其微的。

方法二：要學會提問題

在閱讀的時候，考生要學會提問題，在閱讀完一個段落之後，可以在每段的句首位置寫出一個問題，當你看到這個問題的就會想到這個段落講的是什麼意思。這樣不僅讓自己的對段落有了清楚的認識，還能做到很的歸納總結的作用。

方法三：學會來引導閱讀

當你在閱讀文章的時候，可以爲文章的標題、副題、圖片及首句設定問題，可以把它們寫在各自己的位置，這樣你在看問題的時候，就可以幫助你更清晰的瞭解文章的內容了。

方法四：尋找問題的答案

我們在做託福閱讀題的時候，最主要的就是要找到閱讀題的答案。這個問題的答案是跟隨着我們的問題的，我們在閱讀的時候，要帶着問題去閱讀，這樣對我們把握閱讀文章重點來說是非常重要的。

方法五：學會做標記

如果在託福閱讀的時候，我們如果遇到了所答問題關鍵詞或者短語，我們要將它標記下來，並且要將它們積累起來。因爲如果這裏考到了，說明之後 也可能會考到，這些關鍵記號和短語就是我們平時練習時需要的積累的知識，不但在之後做閱讀題或許會用得到，在托福考試的其它學科可能也是會用得到的。

方法六：修正問題

前面提到了，在閱讀的時候要帶着問題去文章中找答案，如果我們發現有幾個答案都很相似，我們不是很確定哪一個是正確的，那麼這時考生就要重新看到下問題，並且將有關的答案標記出來。再重讀文章的時候，遇到的不明的地方可以查閱資料，也可以問一下老師和同學。這樣久而久之，你的所有問題都會得到解決，這的閱讀水平也就隨之不斷的提高。

方法七：學會舉一反三

在託福閱讀的整個學習過程中，考生要學會類推，也就是在你完全掌握了文章內容之後，對於文章中出現的一些問題，我們可以把它聯繫到日常的生活當中，如果在生活當中我們會怎麼樣，利用這樣的聯帶的關係，考生可以更加的對閱讀文章時行融匯貫通，大在的提高自己的閱讀興趣和能力。這也是託福閱讀提高的一個很好的途徑。

託福閱讀人物題材的內容整理

文學家，藝術家，尤其是歌唱家，舞蹈家的女性(ETS重女輕男，陰盛陽衰)

編號 考題 年月 職業 性別 姓名

1. 81/11 小說家 女 EDITH WHARTON

2. 82/1 護士 女 GLARA LOUIS

3. 82/8 天文藝術 男 LUCIEN RUDAUX

4. 82/11 新聞攝影 女 E

5. 85/5 政治家 男 馬丁路德·金

6. 85/11 文學家 女 SON

7. 86/3 女權主義 女 EVELT夫人

8. 87/8 雕塑家 女 BAR

9. 87/12 印第安人 女 ELLA GARSSO

10. 89/1 P1 小說家 男 ROBERT HERRICK

11. 89/8 P11 歌唱家 女 ELLA FITZGERALD

12. 89/10P20 芭蕾舞 女 AGNES DE MILLE

13. 90/1 P25 鬧劇作家 女 MERRY OTIS WARREN

14. 90/5 P29 文學家 女 GERTRUDE STEIN

15. 90/10P40 農化學家 男 ER

16. 91/1 P43 詩人 女 艾米麗 狄金森

17. 91/5 P46 畫家 女 GRANDMA MOSES

18. 91/10P59 畫家 女 A

19. 92/1 P64 舞蹈家 女 LUCINA CHILDS

20. 92/5 P68 舞蹈家 女 MARTHA GRAHAM

21. 92/8 P72 舞蹈家 女 MARTHA GRAHAM

22. P81 文學家 女

23. P88 發明家 男 MCCOY 潤滑油

24. P93 舞蹈家 女 ISADORA DUNCAN

25. P100 小丑演員 男 JOHN DURANG

26. P104 藝術支持 女 NEY

27. P112 數學 女 MARJORIE RICE

28. P115 畫家 女 FE

29. P117 發明家 男 ON

30. P123 畫家 男 WINSLOW HOMER

31. P131 畫家 女 GRANDMA MOSES

32. P143 詩人 女 HILDA DOOLITTLE

33. P146 雕塑家 女 LOUIS NEVELSON

34. 普樣1 詩人 女 MARIANNE MOORE

35. 96/1 文學家 女 JOICE CAROL OATES

託福閱讀背景材料：加拿大歷史

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History Well before Columbus 'discovered' America in 1492, prehistoric tribes from Asia had come across the Bering Strait; and around AD 1000, the Vikings, the first European vistors, had tried to settle in northern Newfoundland. By the time subsequent Europeans arrived, Canada's Indian tribes had already developed a multitude of languages, customs, religious beliefs, trading patterns, arts and crafts, laws and governments. Although a number of European countries were interested in establishing settlements in the Americas, it was French explorer Jacques Cartier who made the first claim on the area surrounding the St Lawrence River in 1534. Another French explorer, Samuel de Champlain, founded Quebec City in the early 1600s. In 1663 Canada, now home to about 3000 French settlers, became a province of France. Just as the French started to thrive on the fur trade, the British entered the scene, founding the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670 to add a bit of 'friendly' competition. For a while, the two European cultures coexisted peacefully. Then, in 1745, British troops captured a French fort in Nova Scotia - the struggle for control of the new land was on. The turning point in what became known as the Seven Years' War arrived when the British defeated the French at Quebec City in 1759. At the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France handed Canada over to Britain. By the end of the American Revolution (1775-83), a migration of about 50,000 British 'Loyalists' from the USA created a more even balance between the French and British populations. After the War of 1812 - the last war between Canada and the USA, in which Canada was victorious - Britain, fearful of losing Canada as it had the American Colonies, proclaimed the British North America Act (BNA Act) in 1867. The Act established the Dominion of Canada and became Canada's equivalent of a constitution. By 1885 the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway - one of Canada's great historical sagas - joined the country's east and west coasts. By 1912 all provinces had become part of the central government except Newfoundland, which finally joined in 1949. After WWI Canada grew slowly in stature and prosperity, becoming a voluntary member of the Commonwealth in 1931. With the onset of WWII, Canada once again fought alongside Britain against Germany, though this time it also entered into defense agreements with the USA, declaring war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In the years after WWII, Canada experienced a huge wave of European immigration, with a further influx of Asians, Arabs, Indians, Italians, Hispanics and Caribbeans arriving in the 1960s. The postwar era was a period of economic expansion and prosperity. In 1967 Canada celebrated its 100th anniversary with Expo, the World's Fair in Montreal, as one of the highlights. Since 1975, a series of land rights agreements has been signed with Canada's native peoples, giving them some control over vast swathes of the northern portion of the country. The social upheavals of the 1960s brought to the surface the festering resentments that French-speaking Quebec had with English-speaking Canada. In 1976 the Parti Quebecois (PQ), advocating separatism, won the provincial election in Quebec, though sentiments on the issue have since waxed and waned. In the 1980 sovereignty referendum, the separatists were defeated by 60% of the vote. In October 1995, the vote was extremely close, with Canada coming within a few thousand votes of breaking up. The prime minister, Jean Chrtien, has since attempted to appease the Quebeckers by recognising the province as a 'distinct society'. In 2000, Chrtien held an early election and secured his third consecutive term. Meanwhile, the passing of former prime minister Pierre Trudeau continues to be mourned, and disappointment over the nation's failed bid to hold the 2008 Olympics (losing to Beijing) is only slowly waning.

老託福閱讀試題及答案：PASSAGE 19