託福TPO7閱讀原文Part2及翻譯答案
現在大家在進行託福備考時TPO託福模考軟件相信是大家用的最多的工具了，對於託福成績的提升是非常有幫助的。今天小編在這裏整理了託福TPO7閱讀原文Part2及翻譯答案來分享給大家，希望對大家託福聽力備考有幫助。
託福TPO7閱讀原文Part2
Ancient Rome and Greece
There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment-on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.
The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome's early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.
Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, pietas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.
Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. "Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we," asked Horace in his epistle, "what work of ancient date would now exist?"
Rome's debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres-especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
Paragraph 1: There is a quality of cohesiveness about the Roman world that applied neither to Greece nor perhaps to any other civilization, ancient or modern. Like the stone of Roman wall, which were held together both by the regularity of the design and by that peculiarly powerful Roman cement, so the various parts of the Roman realm were bonded into a massive, monolithic entity by physical, organizational, and psychological controls. The physical bonds included the network of military garrisons, which were stationed in every province, and the network of stone-built roads that linked the provinces with Rome. The organizational bonds were based on the common principles of law and administration and on the universal army of officials who enforced common standards of conduct. The psychological controls were built on fear and punishment-on the absolute certainty that anyone or anything that threatened the authority of Rome would be utterly destroyed.
託福TPO7閱讀題目Part2
1. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
2. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are controls that held together the Roman world EXCEPT
Paragraph 2: The source of Roman obsession with unity and cohesion may well have lain in the pattern of Rome's early development. Whereas Greece had grown from scores of scattered cities, Rome grew from one single organism. While the Greek world had expanded along the Mediterranean seas lanes, the Roman world was assembled by territorial conquest. Of course, the contrast is not quite so stark: in Alexander the Great the Greeks had found the greatest territorial conqueror of all time; and the Romans, once they moved outside Italy, did not fail to learn the lessons of sea power. Yet the essential difference is undeniable. The key to the Greek world lay in its high-powered ships; the key to Roman power lay in its marching legions. The Greeks were wedded to the sea; the Romans, to the land. The Greek was a sailor at heart; the Roman, a landsman.
3. The phrase "obsession with" in the passage is closest in meaning to
4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was NOT characteristic of Rome's early development?
5. Why does the author mention "Alexander the Great" in the passage?
Paragraph 3: Certainly, in trying to explain the Roman phenomenon, one would have to place great emphasis on this almost instinct for the territorial imperative. Roman priorities lay in the organization, exploitation, and defense of their territory. In all probability it was the fertile plain of Latium, where the Latins who founded Rome originated, that created the habits and skills of landed settlement, landed property, landed economy, landed administration, and a land-based society. From this arose the Roman genius for military organization and orderly government. In turn, a deep attachment to the land, and to the stability which rural life engenders, fostered the Roman virtues: gravitas, a sense of responsibility, peitas, a sense of devotion to family and country, and iustitia, a sense of the natural order.
6. The word "fostered" in the passage is closest in meaning to
7. Paragraph 3 suggests which of the following about the people of Latium?
Paragraph 4: Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. "Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we," asked Horace in his epistle, "what work of ancient date would now exist?"
8. Paragraph 4 indicates that some historians admire Roman civilization because of
9. In paragraph 4, the author develops a description of Roman civilization by
10. According to paragraph 4, intellectual Romans such as Horace held which of the following opinions about their civilization?
Paragraph 5: Rome's debt to Greece was enormous. The Romans adopted Greek religion and moral philosophy. In literature, Greek writers were consciously used as models by their Latin successors. It was absolutely accepted that an educated Roman should be fluent in Greek. In speculative philosophy and the sciences, the Romans made virtually no advance on early achievements.
Paragraph 6: Yet it would be wrong to suggest that Rome was somehow a junior partner in Greco-Roman civilization. The Roman genius was projected into new spheres-especially into those of law, military organization, administration, and engineering. Moreover, the tensions that arose within the Roman state produced literary and artistic sensibilities of the highest order. It was no accident that many leading Roman soldiers and statesmen were writers of high caliber.
11. The word "spheres" in the passage is closest in meaning to
12. Which of the following statements about leading Roman soldiers and statesmen is supported by paragraphs 5 and 6?
Paragraph 4: Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. ■As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. ■At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. ■For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. "Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we," asked Horace in his epistle, "what work of ancient date would now exist?"
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum.
Where would the sentence best fit?
14. Direction: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question worth 2 points.
The Roman world drew its strength from several important sources.
Answer choices
託福TPO7閱讀答案Part2
參考答案：
1. ○ 3
2. ○ 3
3. ○ 2
4. ○ 1
5. ○ 1
6. ○ 4
7. ○ 3
8.○ 2
9. ○ 4
10.○ 3
11. ○ 2
12. ○ 1
13. ○ 2
14. Numerous controls imposed…
Roman values were rooted…
Rome combined aspects of…
託福TPO7閱讀翻譯Part2
參考答案：古代羅馬和希臘
羅馬具有一種希臘和其他任何不論是古代的還是現在的文明都不具備的凝聚力。羅馬牆上的石塊是靠設計的規整和特別有力的水泥而被固定在一起，與此相同，羅馬帝國的各個部分也因物理的、組織的和精神的束縛而組成了一個堅若磐石的整體。物理的束縛包括駐紮在每個省的戍衛軍組成的網絡和連通每個省與羅馬的用石頭鋪成的道路網絡。組織上的束縛則基於法律和行政的一般原則，以及遍佈各地、統一行動的軍政府。精神上的控制則建立在恐懼和懲罰上--毫無疑問，任何人或任何事，只要威脅到羅馬的權威，都終將被摧毀。
羅馬人對統一和團結的執著可能源自於羅馬早期的發展模式。希臘是從二十幾個分散的城邦發展而來，然而羅馬則是從單個組織發展而來。希臘沿着地中海航線擴張，然而羅馬帝國則通過領土的佔領而壯大。當然，它們的對比也不是那麼的絕對：在亞歷山大大帝時期，希臘找到了他們整個歷史中最大的領地征服者;羅馬人雖曾一度遷移到意大利之外，但他們卻沒有忘記海洋的力量。然而，他們之間本質的區別是不容否認的。希臘世界的關鍵是強大的船隊，而羅馬帝國的關鍵則是他們行進的部隊。希臘人死守着海洋，羅馬人則死守着土地。希臘人是天生的水手，羅馬人則是陸上強兵。
毫無疑問的是，爲了解釋羅馬現象，人們應該極大地強調他們的幾乎是本能的領土觀念。羅馬人的天性就在於對領土的組織、擴張和防禦。完全也可能是Latium平原--拉丁人最初建立羅馬的地方，造就了羅馬人陸地定居、陸地財產、陸地經濟、陸地行政以及以陸地基礎的社會習慣和技巧。在此基礎上也產生了羅馬人的軍事組織和政府管理的才能，。反過來，對土地以及穩定鄉村生活的深深的依戀孕育了羅馬人的品格：gravitas，一種責任感;peitas，對家庭和國家的犧牲精神;以及iustitia，一種對自然秩序的使命。
現在人們對羅馬的態度各異，從無限的崇尚到徹底的反感。經常有權威的崇拜者，尤其是在歷史學家中，不由自主地推崇強大，他們對羅馬權力的欣賞遠勝於對希臘狡黠的欣賞。與此同時，有一種固化的觀念厭惡羅馬。對於很多人而言，羅馬至多不過是對希臘更大規模的模仿和延續，希臘文明擁有質量，羅馬則僅僅擁有數量。希臘是發明者，而羅馬則是研究和發展的分支。這些實際上是一些高智商羅馬人的觀點。"如果希臘人像我們一樣輕視創新?"Horace 在他的信件中問道"那麼有什麼古時候的作品能現存於世呢?"
羅馬的確欠着希臘無數的債務。羅馬人吸收了希臘人的宗教和倫理哲學。在文學上，希臘作家被下意識地當作他們拉丁後裔的模範。毋庸置疑的是，一個受過教育的羅馬人一定會講流利的希臘語。在推理哲學和科學上，羅馬人實際上沒有超過前期希臘的成就。
