那些改變整個電影產業的影片(上)

The last few years have been a good time to be a movie fan. Comic book adaptations have gone from a doomed niche market to dominating the box office due to the success of movies like Avengers and The Dark Knight, and science fiction continues to take risks, as seen in Prometheus. The contenders for the Best Picture Oscar in recent years have shown that there is no shortage of dramas that range from the heartening to the heartrending. However, many of the aspects of modern film that we take for granted have long roots in the movies of decades past.

過去幾年是電影迷的美好時光。因爲諸如《復仇者聯盟》（Avengers）和《黑暗騎士》（The Dark Knight）這類電影十分成功，改編幽默連環畫已經從在夾縫中生存的狀況發展到控制票房市場的程度。科幻電影就像《普羅米修斯》（Prometheus）裏所呈現那樣，繼續冒險。從近幾年奧斯卡最佳影片的候選影片來看，從振奮人心到心酸悲哀，各類影片應有盡有。然而，我們認爲現代電影界理所當然的事，許多都深深植根於過去幾十年出現的電影。

ises! Promises!

10.《誓！誓！》

Even the most reserved individual can vividly remember the sexiest scenes they have seen in the cinema. From Phoebe Cates in Fast Times at Ridgemont High to Christina Ricci in Black Snake Moan, sex has spiced up film forever.

即使是最矜持的成年人也能生動地記起在電影院看見的性感十足的鏡頭。從《開放的美國學府》（Fast Times at Ridgemont High）裏的菲比·凱茨（Phoebe Cates）到《黑蛇呻吟》（Black Snake Moan）裏的克里斯蒂娜·裏奇（Christina Ricci），性開始成爲電影必不可少的元素。

Of course, it had to start somewhere. Nudity has been a part of cinema since its inception, but for a long time, filmmakers had to wrestle with restrictive morality-based policies such as the Hays Code. In the 1960s, however, movies were beginning to challenge those restrictions on sex and comedy Promises! Promises! was the first major motion picture to feature a major star—in this case, Jayne Mansfield—appearing nude. While there had been nudity in smaller (and often silent) movies before, this movie helped legitimize the use of sex to sell a film and fuel the fame of the naked star. Without this movie, there would have been no raunchy sex comedies like American Pie or Knocked Up, nor a generation who mastered the art of hitting the pause button at strategic moments of their favorite scenes.

當然，凡事都有起點。自從赤身裸體在電影裏出現之後，就成爲了電影院的一部分；但是有很長一段時間，由於像《海斯法案》（Hays Code）這樣基於道德的政策十分嚴苛，電影製片人不得不與之頻繁較量。但在20世紀60年代，電影開始挑戰這些對性和裸露身體的束縛。性喜劇《誓！誓！》是以一位明星裸體出鏡——本片中是傑恩·曼斯菲爾德（Jayne Mansfield）——的第一部重要電影。儘管此前小型影片（常常無聲）也有裸體鏡頭，但這部片子使利用性讓電影更賣座的做法合法化，也使這位裸體明星名聲大噪。沒有這部電影，可能就沒有《美國派》（American Pie）和《一夜大肚》（Knocked Up）這樣低俗的性喜劇了，也不會產生這一代掌握敲擊暫停鍵藝術的人——看見他們喜歡的鏡頭就按暫停。

n's 11

9.《十一羅漢》

When the credits start rolling, one thing becomes abundantly clear: Audiences have been trained to stay seated. For modern audiences, that is largely due to Iron Man's post-credits "stinger," which is an extra scene that rewards fans for sticking around. All of Marvel's subsequent releases and many other unrelated films have followed suit.

當影片演職表滾屏時，有一件事變得一清二楚：觀衆已經習慣保持坐姿了。對現代觀衆而言，這很大程度上是因爲《鋼鐵俠》（Iron Man）職員名單後面的"思丁格"——回報觀衆留戀徘徊的額外鏡頭。隨後漫威（Marvel）旗下所有電影，還有其他不相關的電影都採用了這個辦法。

However, Marvel hardly pioneered this idea. It goes all the way back to James Bond's second film, From Russia With Love, which promised audiences after the credits that "James Bond would return," a practice that continues to this first film stinger, however, came from the original Ocean's 11, which showed Sinatra, Davis, and the rest of the crew sauntering down a street in Las Vegas. Compared to the modern-day "stingers" that seek to surprise to viewers, this was pretty mild, but without Ol' Blue Eyes roaming down the boulevard, we might have never seen Samuel L. Jackson telling Robert Downey Jr. about The Avengers Initiative.

但是，漫威並非這個創意的開創者。這可以追溯到詹姆斯·邦德（James Bond）的第二部影片：《俄羅斯之戀》（From Russia With Love）——這部電影向觀衆保證在演職員表後面"詹姆斯·邦德會回來"——這種做法持續到了現在。實際上，電影末尾的第一個"思丁格"在最初版本的《十一羅漢》中呈現了西納特拉（Sinatra）、戴維斯（Davis）和其餘船員在拉斯維加斯街上漫步的畫面。與今日的尋求送給觀衆驚喜的"思丁格"相比，這相當溫和。但是如果他不在林蔭大道上閒逛，我們可能永遠看不見塞繆爾·L·傑克遜（Samuel L. Jackson）告訴小羅伯特·唐尼（Robert Downey Jr.）"復仇者行動"（The Avengers Initiative）的事。

Wars

8.《星球大戰》

Star Wars revolutionized filmmaking in uncountable ways, raising the bar for special effects, creative use of practical sets, and sci-fi storytelling. In the midst of all of this, one its chief contributions to cinema is often overlooked: the simple act of playing the credits at the end of the movie instead of the beginning.

《星球大戰》引起了電影製作各個方面的革命，提高了特效要求、創造性地使用場景，還有科幻式的敘述方法。其中，它對電影的主要貢獻之一卻常被忽略：在影片末尾而不是開頭播放職員名單的簡單做法。

Everyone recognizes the movie's famous opening "crawl," the yellow letters that catch viewers up to the space drama they are about to watch before scrolling into the vastness of space. Though it would later become an icon, the Director's Guild did not like this idea at all at the time. They ordered George Lucas to display the credits of the cast and crew appear before the film instead, as had been the tradition for decades. Lucas refused to budge and simply paid the required fine to the Guild before gave Lucas the last laugh. The runaway success of Star Wars meant that filmmakers all over the world would be borrowing its formulas forever, including the elimination of credits at the beginning of the movie. Ultimately, Luke Skywalker didn't just blow up the Death Star: He blew up the chances that you'll ever have to sit through five minutes of credits before your movie begins.

大家都知道《星球大戰》開頭出名的"爬行字幕"——黃色字母吸引了觀衆，把觀衆帶入他們將觀看的太空大戲，然後捲起來，消失在茫茫宇宙中。儘管這後來成爲了商業標誌，"導演協會"（Director's Guild）當時一點兒也不喜歡這個想法。相反，他們命令喬治·盧卡斯在片頭呈現演職員表，因爲這是幾十年來的傳統。盧卡斯拒絕妥協，辭職前直接向"導演協會"繳了規定的罰款。時間讓盧卡斯笑到了最後。《星球大戰》輕而易舉獲得成功，這意味着全球的電影製作人以後都會借用它的模式，包括移掉電影開頭的職員名單。最終，盧克·天行者不僅摧毀了"死亡之星"：他還讓你以後在電影開始前坐上5分鐘看演職員表的機率降爲零。

Throat

7.《深喉》

Deep Throat was, of course, not the first pornographic movie, but it did define what the modern consumer would consider one. Before this film, most pornos consisted of only about 10 minutes of footage, which was looped repeatedly to create the impression of a longer film. Moreover, such films were mostly viewed in stores selling adults books or adult clubs.

《深喉》當然不是第一部色情電影，但是它定義了現代觀衆心裏的色情電影是什麼樣子的。在這部電影之前，絕大多數色情片膠捲大約只有10分鐘長度，通過重複播放留下電影較長的印象。此外，這樣的片子主要在出售成人書籍的商店或成人俱樂部播放。

With its campy plot and nearly hour-long running time, Deep Throat made pornography more mainstream. Going out to see the movie was considered a fashionable date activity, and the sight of normal-looking couples heading into normal-looking theaters to see a pornographic movie made pornography more acceptable. If porn didn't already seem hip to young people, the sight of the federal authorities trying to confiscate reels of film and shut down theaters showing it appealed to rebellious young people, solidifying pornography's place as another spoke in the wheels of the sexual revolution.

情節粗俗、時間近1小時，《深喉》讓色情片趨於主流。外出看電影被當作時尚的約會活動，而看上去平常的兩個人去一家平常的影院看色情電影，這樣的景象讓色情更容易被接受。如果色情作品在年輕人中間還不流行，聯邦當局試圖沒收電影膠捲、關閉影院的現象表明，色情作品能吸引叛逆的年輕人，結果便會固化色情作品的地位，讓它成爲性革命車輪裏的另一條輪輻。

White And The Seven Dwarfs

6.《白雪公主和七個小矮人》

Contrary to persistent rumors, Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was not the first animated feature, major or otherwise. However, it was the first animated feature film produced in both English and Technicolor, and it represented an intense level of risk for Walt Disney. At the time, many people, including his wife, assumed that audiences had neither the time nor the patience to sit through a cartoon movie.

與一直不斷的謠言相反，迪斯尼的《白雪公主和七個小矮人》不是第一部動畫影片，無論規模大小。但是，它的確是第一部英語的、使用彩色印片法制作的動畫片；對沃爾特·迪斯尼而言，它代表極度危險。那時，許多人，包括他的妻子，都認爲觀衆既沒有時間，也沒有耐心坐着看卡通電影。

Undeterred, Disney borrowed most of the $1.5 million necessary to finance his vision. As we know now, the gamble paid off: The movie made $8 million during the height of the Great Depression and heralded a revolution in animation. Not only did it provide the foundation for later animation companies (such as Hannah-Barbera, Pixar, and Don Bluth Productions), it launched CGI animation, the empire that would eventually dominate theme parks, and mega-hit franchises like Star Wars and Marvel.

迪斯尼沒有灰心喪氣，通過借貸湊齊了支持他的理想所必須的150萬美元資金。正如我們現在知道的那樣，這場賭局產生了回報：在困難的大蕭條時期，這部電影創造了800萬美元票房，還引發了動畫領域裏的一場革命。它不僅爲以後的動畫公司（比如漢納-巴貝拉（Hannah-Barbera）、皮克斯（Pixar）和唐·布魯茲出品（Don Bluth Productions））提供了基礎，它還開創了CGI動畫事業——這個帝國最後將控制主題公園——和如《星球大戰》那樣的重磅級的授權作品，還有漫威。

翻譯:羅惠月 來源：前十網