TPP擬打擊中國網絡盜竊行爲 Trade deal takes aim at Chinese hacking

Pacific Rim countries will be required to criminalise hacking attacks on companies under a regional trade pact that shows Washington’s determination to clamp down on Chinese cyber theft and ban new forms of digital protectionism.

按照一項區域貿易協定，太平洋週邊國家將被要求以刑事罪論處針對企業的黑客攻擊，這突顯了華盛頓方面打擊中國網絡盜竊行爲和禁止新形式的數字保護主義的決心。

The US, Japan and 10 other economies last month concluded five years of negotiations on the Trans-Pacific Partnership, covering roughly 40 per cent of the global economy. Although the pact does not include China, US officials from President Barack Obama down are selling the TPP as a crucial component in Washington’s efforts to write the rules of the global economy before Beijing can.

美國、日本以及另外10個經濟體上月完成了歷時五年的《跨太平洋夥伴關係協定》(Trans-Pacific Partnership，簡稱TPP)的談判，協定涵蓋全球經濟的大約40%。雖然該協定並不包括中國，但美國各級官員——從巴拉克攠巴馬(Barack Obama)總統起——都把TPP說成是華盛頓方面力求搶在中國之前確立全球經濟規則的努力的關鍵部分。

The deal will reduce trade barriers on everything from beef and dairy products to textiles, with new standards for environmental protection, investment disputes and the behaviour of state-owned enterprises.

該協定將降低多種產品（從牛肉和奶製品，到紡織品）的貿易壁壘，併爲環境保護、投資糾紛和國有企業的行爲設立新標準。

The TPP agreement — details of which will be released as soon as today — will also include new rules governing the free flow of data, privacy and cyber security, showing how the US intends to use a trade deal to set benchmarks that it hopes will become global standards.

TPP協定的細節最快可能在今日公佈，該協定還將包括規範數據自由流動、隱私和網絡安全的新規則，顯示美國有意藉助一項貿易協定確立基準，希望這些基準未來成爲全球標準。

The growing number of cyber attacks on US companies blamed on Chinese hackers looking to steal commercial secrets has become a big point of friction between the world’s two biggest economies. Washington has threatened to level financial sanctions against Chinese companies linked to such attacks.

美國企業受到越來越多的網絡攻擊，而這些攻擊大部分被歸咎於尋機竊取商業祕密的中國黑客，這件事已成爲全球兩大經濟體之間的一大摩擦點。華盛頓方面已經威脅要對與此類攻擊有關聯的中國企業實施金融制裁。

In an interview with the Financial Times, Mike Froman, the US trade tsar, said the TPP’s new digital rules were not only aimed at China, which is years away from joining the pact.

美國貿易代表邁克弗羅曼(Mike Froman)在接受英國《金融時報》記者採訪時表示，TPP新的數字規則不僅針對中國。中國如果要加入這項協定還將是很多年以後的事情。

“The area of localisation [laws for data], forced technology transfer [and] forced [intellectual property] transfer is an issue that has been a central concern in our relationship with China,” he said. “But it is not limited to China. We’ve always said that TPP is not directed against any country but it is directed at defining high standard rules for the road in the region.”

“本地化（有關數據的法律）領域，強迫技術轉讓以及強迫（知識產權）轉讓，是我國與中國關係中受到重點關切的一個問題，”他表示。“但它並不僅限於中國。我方始終表明，TPP並不針對任何國家，但它意在爲地區界定高標準的道路規則。”

Assuming it is ratified by the US Congress and other legislatures, the TPP would require its member countries to pass laws that make stealing trade secrets a crime. Crucially, it requires those laws to also specify theft by and from “computer systems”.

假設TPP得到美國國會和其它成員國立法機構的批准，它將要求成員國通過法律，將竊取商業機密界定爲刑事罪。至關重要的是，它將要求此類法律明文針對來自和由“計算機系統”發起的竊取行爲。

The TPP also requires countries to allow the unhindered flow of data across borders for most industries — bar financial services — and bans a swath of practices used by China and other countries to protect local technology companies. These include requirements for businesses to house servers and data locally, for businesses to share proprietary source code in order to secure contracts or gain access to markets, and rules mandating the use of special local encryption algorithms that could allow governments a back door into electronic devices such as smartphones.

TPP還要求成員國允許大多數行業（不包括金融服務）的數據可以不受阻礙地跨境流動，並禁止中國和其他國家爲保護本土科技公司所採用的種種手段，包括要求企業在境內設置服務器和保存數據，企業爲了爭取合同或進入市場而不得不交出專有的源代碼，以及規定必須使用本土開發的特別加密算法（這可能讓政府機構從後門進入智能手機等電子設備）。

Mr Froman said the TPP would “push back at digital protectionism that we see popping up all over the world”.

弗羅曼表示，TPP將“對抗世界各地不斷冒出的數字保護主義行爲”。