有關於狗狗的英文文章
狗狗喜歡羣居,害怕形單影隻,單獨留在家中,會令到它緊張恐慌。下面是本站小編帶來的一篇關於狗狗的英文文章，歡迎閱讀!
寫給忠誠的狗狗們
The best friend a man has in the world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter that he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name may become traitors to their faith.
一個人在世上最好的朋友會和他反目，成爲他的敵人。他悉心養育的兒女會不忠不孝。那些和我們最親近的人，那些我們以幸福和美名信賴的人會背信棄義。
The money that a man has, he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it most. A man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us, may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our heads.
一個人擁有的金錢會失去，也許就在他最需要的時候。一個人的名譽會因瞬間的不當之舉而喪失貽盡。那些當我們功成名就時跪拜向我們致敬的人也許是第一個在失敗的陰雲籠罩我們時對我們投石下井。
The one absolutely unselfish friend that man can have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous is his dog. A man's dog stands by him in prosperity and in poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground, where the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he may be near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer.
在這個自私的世界裏，一個人能有的最無私的，從不拋棄他，從不知恩不報，從不背信棄義的朋友是他的狗。無論富有或貧窮，無論健康或是患病，一個人的狗總佇立在主人身旁。如果能和主人在一起，它願意睡在冰冷的地上，任憑寒風凜冽，朔雪飄零。它願意親吻沒有食物奉送的手。
He will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounters with the roughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as if he were a prince. When all other friends desert, he remains. When riches take wings, and reputation falls to pieces, he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journey through the heavens. If fortune drives the master forth, an outcast in the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him, to guard him against danger, to fight against his enemies.
它願意舔撫艱難人世帶來的創痕。它守衛着窮主人安睡如同守衛王子。當所有的朋友離去，它留駐。當財富不翼而飛，當名譽毀之貽盡，它仍然熱愛着主人，如日當空，亙古不變。如果在命運驅使下，主人被世人拋棄，衆叛親離，無家可歸，忠誠的狗僅僅要求能陪伴主人，守衛他免遭危險，去和他的敵人搏鬥。
And when the last scene of all comes, and death takes his master in its embrace and his body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there by the graveside will the noble dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad, but open in alert watchfulness, faithful and true even in death.
當最後的時刻來臨，死神擁抱着主人，他的驅體掩埋在冰冷的黃土之下，任憑所有的朋友風流雲散，就在墓地旁，你可以看見那高尚的狗，它的頭伏在兩爪之間，雙眼神情悲傷，卻警覺注視着，忠誠至死。
一篇關於狗狗的英文文章篇二好狗仔也會羨慕嫉妒恨
The answer, according to Christine Harris, a psychologist at the University of California, San Diego, is that if you are petting another dog, Roscoe is going to show something that Dr. Harris thinks is a form of jealousy, even if not as complex and twisted as the adult human form.
加州大學聖迭戈分校(University of California, San Diego)的心理學家克里斯蒂娜·哈里斯(Christine Harris)表示，答案是，如果你撫摸另一隻狗，羅斯科會有某種表現。哈里斯博士認爲，這種表現是嫉妒的一種形式，儘管這種形式不像成年人類的嫉妒形式那麼複雜、扭曲。
Other scientists agree there is something going on, but not all are convinced it is jealousy. And Roscoe and the rest of his tribe were, without exception, unavailable for comment.
其他一些科學家也認同這種情形下會出現某種情況，但並不都相信那是嫉妒。而羅斯科和他的同類，無一例外均不便發表評論。
Dr. Harris had been studying human jealousy for years when she took this question on, inspired partly by the antics of her parents’ Border collies. When she petted them, “one would take his head and knock the other’s head away,” she said. It certainly looked like jealousy.
在遇到這個問題時，哈里斯博士已經對人類的嫉妒情緒進行了多年研究。當時，她部分是受了父母的邊境牧羊犬表現出的怪異行爲的啓發。她說，當她撫摸他們時，“其中一隻會用頭把另外一隻的頭擠開”。這種情形看上去當然像嫉妒了。
But having studied humans, she was aware of different schools of thought about jealousy. Some scientists argue that jealousy requires complex thinking about self and others, which seems beyond dogs’ abilities. Others think that although our descriptions of jealousy are complex, the emotion itself may not be that complex.
但因爲已經對人類進行了研究，她瞭解有關嫉妒的不同思想流派。一些科學家認爲，嫉妒要求有能力對自身和他人進行復雜思考，這似乎超出了狗狗的能力。其他一些人則認爲，儘管我們對嫉妒的描述頗爲複雜，但這種情感本身或許並不複雜。
Dog emotions, as owners perceive them, have been studied before. In one case, Alexandra Horowitz, a cognitive scientist who is an adjunct associate professor at Barnard College and the author of “Inside of a Dog,” found that the so-called guilty look that dogs exhibit seemed to be more related to fear of punishment.
以前就有人研究過主人眼中狗狗的情感。在其中一項研究中，著有《一隻狗的內心》(Inside of a Dog)的認知科學家、巴納德學院(Barnard College)客座副教授亞歷山德拉·霍羅威茨(Alexandra Horowitz)發現，狗狗表現出來的所謂的內疚表情似乎與害怕受到懲罰更相關。
Dr. Harris ventured into the tricky turf of dog emotion by devising a test based on work done with infants.
哈里斯博士以針對孩子的研究工作爲基礎，設計了一個試驗，大膽進入了狗的情感這個棘手領域。
When dog owners petted and talked to a realistic stuffed dog that barked and whined, the people’s own dogs came over, pushed the person or the stuffed dog, and sometimes barked. After the experiment, many of the dogs sniffed the rear end of the stuffed dog, suggesting, Dr. Harris said, that the dogs thought it might be real.
當狗主人撫摸一隻逼真的、能吠叫併發出嗚嗚聲的填充玩具狗，並與其說話時，他們自己的狗會走過來，推自己的主人或那隻玩具狗，有時還會大叫。試驗結束後，許多狗狗會嗅那隻填充玩具狗的臀部。哈里斯博士稱，這表明，那些狗狗以爲玩具狗可能是一隻真狗。
Dr. Harris also recorded what happened as the owners petted and talked to a jack-o’-lantern and read a children’s book aloud, to see if any old distraction would provoke a reaction. The dogs paid little attention to the jack-o’-lantern and very little to the book.
爲了看看隨便什麼通常分散注意力的事情會不會讓它們有所反應，哈里斯還記錄了狗主人在撫摸南瓜燈籠並和它說話，以及大聲朗讀兒童讀物時發生的情況。那些狗少有注意燈籠的，對那本書，狗狗的關注度則更小。
Dr. Harris concluded, in a paper in PLoS One written with Caroline Prouvost, also at the University of California, San Diego, that the dogs showed a “primordial” form of jealousy, not as complex as the human emotion, but similar in that there is a social triangle and the dog is trying to make sure it, not the rival, receives the attention.
在與同在加州大學聖迭戈分校任職的卡羅琳·普魯沃(Caroline Prouvost)共同撰寫，並發表在《公共科學圖書館·綜合》(PLOS One)的一篇文章中，哈里斯得出結論稱，那些狗表現出了一種“原始”形式的嫉妒，不像人類的嫉妒那麼複雜。但它也是發生在一種社會三角關係之中，狗狗會嘗試確定獲得關注的是自己，而不是對手，因此這種情感與人類的嫉妒類似。
Other scientists had mixed reactions to the work. Dr. Horowitz said she admired the goal but thought the researchers had not shown that the behaviors observed actually indicated jealousy.
其他科研人員對這項研究的反響各異。霍羅威茨博士說，她很欣賞該研究的目標，但她認爲，研究者沒能證明，被觀察到的行爲真的代表嫉妒。
“What can be shown is that dogs seem to want an owner’s attention when there is attention being given out,” she said. “This study confirms that.”
“可以被證明的是，當主人向外界給予關注的時候，狗狗似乎想要得到這種關注，”她說，“這項研究證實了這一點。”
Sybil Hart, at Texas Tech, who has studied jealousy in infants, said she thought the research was “very well done and makes a very compelling argument.”
德克薩斯理工大學的西比爾·哈特(Sybil Hart)曾經研究過嬰兒的嫉妒心理。哈特說，她認爲這項研究“做得很出色，觀點令人信服”。
If one sees jealousy in babies and dogs, she said, “to some degree, it’s innate,” which would be important to know for attempts to manage human jealousy.
哈特說，如果人們發現了嬰兒和狗狗的嫉妒之心，“在一定程度上，這是天生的”。瞭解這一點對於管理成人的嫉妒情緒十分重要。
“Over all, trying to make it go away has not been very successful,” Dr. Hart said. “We are trying to eliminate jealousy, and scientists are saying maybe we should try to understand it better.”
“總的來說，消除嫉妒心理的努力並不是非常成功，”哈特博士說。“我們正努力消除嫉妒情緒，而科學家告訴我們，或許我們應該試着更好地理解它。”
Jealousy, Dr. Harris wrote in the study, is “the third leading cause of nonaccidental homicide across cultures.”
哈里斯在研究中寫道，嫉妒“在許多文化中都是故意殺人案的第三大誘因”。
Whatever the dogs’ behavior is called, said Brian Hare, a director of the Duke Canine Cognition Center at Duke University, there are practical implications for their owners.
杜克大學杜克犬科動物認知研究中心(Duke Canine Cognition Center at Duke University)的主任布賴恩·黑爾(Brian Hare)說，無論犬類的這種行爲被稱作什麼，對他們的主人而言，都會存在一些實實在在的影響。
“Attention seeking can lead to jealousylike behavior in dogs that includes aggression in some cases,” he said. “So for dogs with suspected aggression problems, it may be important to avoid situations where they feel ignored.”
“尋求關注可以引發狗狗類似於嫉妒的表現，比如有時候出現攻擊性，”他說。“因此，對於可能有攻擊性問題的狗狗來說，避免讓他們感到被忽略也許十分重要。”
一篇關於狗狗的英文文章篇三人類與狗狗 Human beings and dog
Books and Arts; Book Review;Human beings and dogs;Man's best friend;
文藝;書評;人類與狗狗;人類最好的朋友;
Scientific research throws new light on a very old partnership
科學研究賦予這一古老的伴侶關係以新的內涵
Dog Sense: How the New Science of Dog Behaviour Can Make You a Better Friend to Your Pet. By John Bradshaw.
《狗的內心世界：狗狗行爲學的研究能讓你和狗狗相處的更好》 作者: John Bradshaw。
The relationship between people and dogs is unique. Among domesticated animals, only dogs are capable of performing such a wide variety of roles for humans: herding sheep, sniffing out drugs or explosives and being our beloved companions. It is hard to be precise about when the friendship began, but a reasonable guess is that it has been going strong for more than 20,000 years. In the Chauvet cave in the Ardèche region of France, which contains the earliest known cave paintings, there is a 50-metre trail of footprints made by a boy of about ten alongside those of a large canid that appears to be part-wolf, part-dog. The footprints, which have been dated by soot deposited from the torch the child was carrying, are estimated to be about 26,000 years old.
人類與狗狗的關係相當特殊。在家飼的動物中，只有狗狗能勝任如此之多的角色：牧羊犬、緝毒犬、排爆犬、伴侶犬。很難準確的說這種友誼從何時開始的，但是一個合理的猜測是，這種友誼是過去長達2萬多年時間以來逐漸加深的。在法國阿爾代什地區的肖維巖洞內，發現的現今所知最早的壁畫，一個大約10歲的男孩留下的50米的足跡旁是一串大型半狼半狗的犬科動物足跡。從男孩所舉的火把落下的灰燼可推算出，這串足跡距今大約2.6萬年了.
The first proto-dogs probably remained fairly isolated from each other for several thousand years. As they became progressively more domesticated they moved with people on large-scale migrations, mixing their genes with other similarly domesticated creatures and becoming increasingly dog-like (and less wolf-like) in the process. For John Bradshaw, a biologist who founded the anthrozoology department at the University of Bristol, having some idea about how dogs got to be dogs is the first stage towards gaining a better understanding of what dogs and people mean to each other. Part of his agenda is to explode the many myths about the closeness of dogs to wolves and the mistakes that this has led to, especially in the training of dogs over the past century or so.
始祖狗最初都是獨來獨往的，這一狀況維持了數千年。但當它們被逐漸馴化後，跟隨人類進行大規模遷徙，使得它們的基因與其它相似的家飼動物的基因發生了融合，漸漸的它們看上去更像狗而非狼了。作爲 Bristol 大學的人類與動物關係學系的創始人，生物學家Mr. John Bradshaw認爲，要想更好的理解狗狗與人類的關係，首先得具備一些關於狗狗進化的知識。他的一部分工作是探究很多有關狗與狼之間傳說中的親緣關係，及由此產生的各種誤解。特別是過去一個世紀以來的狗狗馴化的過程。
One idea has governed dog training for far too long, Mr Bradshaw says. Wolf packs are supposedly despotic hierarchies dominated by alpha wolves. Dogs are believed to behave in the same way in their dealings with humans. Thus training a dog effectively becomes a contest for dominance in which there can be only one winner. To achieve this the trainer must use a variety of punishment techniques to gain the dog's submission to his mastery. Just letting a dog pass through a door before you or stand on the stairs above you is to risk encouraging it to believe that it is getting the upper hand over you and the rest of the household. Mr Bradshaw argues that the theory behind this approach is based on bad and outdated science.
Mr Bradshaw說，在對狗狗的長期馴化中，有一個理論一直主導着人類，即，狼羣是受一個暴戾的頭狼統領的。狗狗對人類的服從就沿襲了狼的這一行爲模式。於是，對狗狗的馴化就成了統領權的競賽，贏家只有一個。爲了實現這一點，人類必須使用各種懲罰的方法來讓狗狗服從它的主人。不能讓狗狗先於你進家門或站在高高的樓梯頂端。這都會讓狗狗相信在飼主及其家人面前，它們佔了上風。 Mr Bradshaw 認爲這種方法背後的理論基礎都站不住腳而且相當落伍。
Dogs share 99.6% of the same DNA as wolves. That makes dogs closer to wolves than we are to chimps (with which we have about 96% of our DNA in common), but it does not mean that their brains work like those of wolves. Indeed, the outgoing affability of most dogs towards humans and other dogs is in sharp contrast to the mix of fear and aggression with which wolves react to animals from other packs. “Domestication has been a long and complex process,” Mr Bradshaw writes. “Every dog alive today is a product of this transition. What was once another one of the wild social canids, the grey wolf, has been altered radically, to the point that it has become its own unique animal.” If anything, dogs resemble juvenile rather than fully adult canids, a sort of arrested development which accounts for the way they remain dependent on their human owners throughout their lives.
狗與狼的基因99.6%是一樣的。這使得狗與狼的關係遠比人類與黑猩猩的更近(人類與黑猩猩的基因有96%是相同的)，但這並不意味着狗狗的大腦與狼的工作原理是一樣的。的確，絕大多數的狗狗對人類和自己的同類都表現的很友好，於此截然相反的是，狼對其它動物的反應則表現爲多疑和攻擊性。“家飼馴化是一個漫長而複雜的過程” Mr Bradshaw寫到，“每一條生活在今天的狗狗都是這一變遷的產物，曾有是一種羣居的野生犬科動物-灰狼，經過了徹底的演變，從而變成了一種獨一無二的動物”.如果說有什麼相同的話，狗不再是成熟的犬科動物而是停留在了幼年狀態，它們終其一生要依靠它們的飼主才能生活。
But what makes the dog-wolf paradigm especially misleading, Mr Bradshaw argues, is that until recently, the studies of wolves were of the wrong wolves in extremely artificial conditions. In the wild, wolf packs tend to be made up of close family members representing up to three generations. The father and mother of the first lot of cubs are the natural leaders of the pack, but the behavioural norm is one of co-operation rather than domination and submission. However, the wolves on which biologists founded their conclusions about dominance hierarchies were animals living in unnaturally constituted groups in captivity. Mr Bradshaw says that feral or “village” dogs, which are much closer to the ancestors of pet dogs than they are to wolves, are highly tolerant of one another and organise themselves entirely differently from either wild or captive wolves.
但是，是什麼讓狗與狼的關係模式誤導了大家? Mr Bradshaw 認爲問題出在作爲研究對象的狼都是眷養在極端人工的環境下，是選“錯”了狼。在野外，狼羣都是由關係較近的祖孫三代家庭成員組成，父親和母親會自然而然的變成第一代子女幼仔的頭狼，但在行爲模式上表現的是合作關係而非統治和服從。而讓生物學家們得出統治權爭奪的結論都是基於那些生活在非自然狀態下，被人工眷養的狼羣之上的。 Mr Bradshaw 認爲，與其說狼是寵物狗的祖先，不如說野狗或“土”狗才是寵物狗的祖先。因爲它們之間更寬容，而且在組羣關係上與不管是野生狼羣或眷養狼羣都相去甚遠。
Dogs are not like nicely brought-up wolves, says the author, nor are they much like people despite their extraordinary ability to enter our lives and our hearts. This is not to deny that some dogs are very clever or that they are capable of feeling emotion deeply. But their intelligence is different from ours. The idea that some dogs can understand as many words as a two-year-old child is simply wrong and an inappropriate way of trying to measure canine intellect. Rather, their emotional range is more limited than ours, partly because, with little sense of time, they are trapped almost entirely in the present. Dogs can experience joy, anxiety and anger. But emotions that demand a capacity for self- reflection, such as guilt or jealousy, are almost certainly beyond them, contrary to the convictions of many dog owners.
本書作者認爲，狗即不像精心調養大的狼，也不像人類自己，儘管它們是那麼擅長融入我們的生活、我們的內心。不可否認，很多狗狗是那樣聰明甚至能感知我們內心的情感。但它們的智力與人類不同。那些認爲狗狗能理解與2-3歲孩子一樣多詞彙含義的想法是錯誤的，用這種方法來衡量狗狗的智力也是不恰當的。再者說，它們的情緒範圍遠比人類有限，部分原因可能它們沒有時間的概念，所以全身心的生活在當下。狗狗能體會到高興、焦慮和憤怒。但比如說像自責或嫉妒等需要自省能力的情感，狗狗是不具備的，這與狗狗的主人們所想的完全不同。
Mr Bradshaw believes that it is difficult for people to empathise with the way in which dogs experience and respond to the world through their extraordinary sense of smell: their sensitivity to odours is between 10,000 and 100,000 times greater than ours. A newly painted room might be torture for a dog; on the other hand, their olfactory ability and their trainability allow dogs to perform almost unimaginable feats, such as smelling the early stages of a cancer long before a normal medical diagnosis would detect it.
Mr Bradshaw 認爲，人類很難理解狗狗是如何憑藉它們出色的嗅覺來體驗、感知世界並做出反應的：它們對氣味的靈敏度是人類的1萬-10萬倍。住進一個剛粉刷過的房間對狗狗來說可能是酷刑;另一方面，它們超敏銳的嗅覺和可訓練的特性讓狗狗幾乎能完成各種超乎想像的事情，例如，在醫生做出診斷之前，狗狗就能嗅出患者的早期癌症。
The latest scientific research can help dogs and their owners have happier, healthier relationships by encouraging people to understand dogs better. But Mr Bradshaw is also fearful. In particular, he deplores the incestuous narrowing of the gene pool that modern pedigree breeders have brought about. Dogs today are rarely bred for their working abilities (herding, hunting, guarding), but for a very particular type of appearance, which inevitably risks the spread of physical and temperamental abnormalities. Instead, he suggests that dogs be bred for the ideal behavioural traits associated with the role they will actually play. He also worries that the increasing urbanisation of society and the pressures on couples to work long hours are putting dogs under huge strain. He estimates that about 20% of Britain's 8m dogs and America's 70m suffer from “separation distress” when their owners leave the house, but argues that sensible training can teach them how to cope.
最新的科學研究鼓勵人們更好的理解狗狗，幫助狗狗和它們的飼主建立起更愉快、更健康的關係。但 Mr Bradshaw還是很擔心，他尤其痛恨爲保持狗的純種而進行的近親繁殖，這使得現在狗的基因多樣性越來越窄。今天的狗狗很少是作爲工作犬來繁育了(如牧羊、打獵、護衛)，多數都是爲了追究某些特殊的外形，這不可避免的造成狗狗身體、性情上的畸形，並隨着繁育過程蔓延開來。他主張，狗的繁育要使得它們能保留相應的行爲模式以適應它們將要承擔的角色。他還擔心隨着城市化程度加深、人們工作時間增加給狗狗的壓力也越來越大。他估計，英國800萬隻狗狗，美國7000萬隻狗狗中大約20%，在它們的主人外出工作時，正遭受着“分離焦慮”的痛苦。但他也認爲如果訓練得當狗狗們能應付的了。
“Dog Sense” is neither a manual nor a sentimental account of the joys of dog-ownership. At times its rigorously research-led approach can be slightly heavy going. A few more jolly anecdotes might have leavened the mix. But this is a wonderfully informative, quietly passionate book that will benefit every dog whose owner reads it.
“狗狗的內心世界”即不是一本操作指南也不是一本人與狗的溫情故事集。書中充斥着各種晦澀的研究手法會讓人讀起來很吃力，如果能加入一些趣聞軼事就更好了。但作爲一本信息量大而又飽含熱情的書，如果主人能認真讀完的話，狗狗們從中會受益的。
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