《硫磺島上升起星條旗》 父輩的旗幟 兒子的質疑

WASHINGTON — The identity of an American serviceman in one of the most iconic photographs of World War II, the raising of the American Flag over Iwo Jima, has been called into question by his son, who wrote a best-selling book that memorialized his father’s role.

華盛頓——最具代表性的二戰題材照片之一《硫磺島上升起星條旗》中的一位美國軍人的身份，遭到了他兒子的質疑，後者曾寫過一本暢銷書紀念父親在其中扮演的角色。

James Bradley, the author of “Flags of Our Fathers,” said in an interview Tuesday that he no longer believed that his father, John Bradley, a Navy corpsman, was one of the six American service members who have been long identified in the photograph.

著有《父輩的旗幟》(Flags of Our Fathers)一書的詹姆斯·布拉德利(James Bradley)在週二接受採訪時表示，他現在認爲他的父親、海軍醫護兵約翰·布拉德利(John Bradley)並非像人們一直相信的那樣，是照片中的六人之一。

Mr. Bradley described his doubts about his father’s role after the Marine Corps revealed last week that it had opened an inquiry into whether some of the six men long thought to be in the image had been misidentified. He said that his father, had participated in raising a flag on Iwo Jima on Feb. 23, 1945, but had not participated in a second flag-raising the same day, which became the famous photograph.

海軍陸戰隊於上週透露，爲弄清照片中早已得到確認的六人身份是否有誤，他們已經啓動了一項調查。布拉德利隨後對父親是否爲照片中的人表示了懷疑。他說，1945年2月23日，他父親在硫磺島上參與過第一次升旗，但並未參與同一天的第二次升旗，而第二次纔是那張著名的照片所呈現的場景。

His father, he said, probably thought that the first flag-raising was the one that was captured in the photograph.

他說他父親可能以爲照片捕捉到的是第一次升旗的瞬間。

All of the men identified in the photograph are dead. Three of the men died fighting the Japanese on Iwo Jima. John Bradley died in 1994.

被認爲出現在照片裏的六個人都已經不在人世了。其中三人在硫磺島上與日本人作戰時陣亡。約翰·布拉德利則於1994年去世。

Mr. Bradley’s doubts tell a story about the fog of war, the efforts of a son to memorialize his father and the apparent willingness of the Marines to at first brush aside questions about one of their most historic moments.

布拉德利的懷疑所牽涉的故事，關乎戰爭的迷霧，關乎爲人子者紀念父親的努力，也關乎海軍陸戰隊的意願，它起初顯然不想理會這個極具歷史意義的瞬間所受到的質疑。

The photograph was taken by Joe Rosenthal, a photographer for The Associated Press, during one of the bloodiest battles of the war. It was splashed across the front pages of newspapers throughout the country less than 48 hours after it was taken, and was an immediate source of patriotism and controversy. President Harry S. Truman used it to sell bonds to fund the war, Mr. Rosenthal brushed back accusations that it had been staged, and questions arose — and were apparently answered — about who was really in it.

二戰期間最慘烈的一場戰鬥打響後，攝影師喬·羅森塔爾(Joe Rosenthal)爲美聯社(The Associated Press)拍下了這張照片。被拍下還不到48小時，它就佔據了美國各地多家報紙的頭版，隨後立即激發了許多人的愛國主義情懷，但也引發了爭議。美國總統哈里·S·杜魯門(Harry S. Truman)用它推銷債券，爲戰爭募資；羅森塔爾駁斥了關於擺拍的指責；接下來又有人問及照片裏的人到底都是誰——相關問題似乎已經得到了回答。

The photograph was also the inspiration for the Marine Corps War Memorial in Arlington, Va., a statue in which six 32-foot-tall figures are depicted in the positions captured by Mr. Rosenthal.

弗吉尼亞州阿靈頓的海軍陸戰隊戰爭紀念碑(Marine Corps War Memorial)的靈感也來自這張照片。在紀念碑上的雕像中，六個32英尺（約合10米）高的人物的姿勢，與羅森塔爾捕捉到的姿勢一致。

Mr. Bradley said he had become convinced that his father was not in the photograph after studying evidence that was published in a 2014 article in The Omaha World-Herald. He said he had waited a year to examine the evidence in the newspaper article because he was working on a new book in Vietnam, and then became ill. He did not come forward with his belief that his father was not in the photograph, he said, because there was little interest from the news media and the Marines.

布拉德利表示，在對《奧馬哈世界先驅報》(The Omaha World-Herald)2014年刊登的一篇文章中的證據進行了研究後，他開始相信自己的父親不在照片中。他說等了一年才研究那篇文章中的證據，是因爲當時正在寫一本和越南有關的新書，後來又生病了。他表示，自己沒有公開父親不在照片中的觀點，是因爲新聞媒體和海軍陸戰隊對此興趣寥寥。

“It wasn’t top of mind,” Mr. Bradley said in a telephone interview. “It wasn’t a priority. I was overseas, and this past fall I was recovering from a disease I got in New Guinea that almost killed me. Now there’s interest in this, and I’m talking about it. I didn’t have the energy to carry the water all by myself.”

“當時這不是我最關心的，”布拉德利在接受電話採訪時說。“不是我優先考慮的事情。我那時候在國外，在剛剛過去的這個秋天，我一直在養病。我是在新幾內亞得病的，差點要了我的命。現在有人對這件事感興趣了，我就說說我所知道的。我之前沒力氣全憑自己來做這件事。”

“Flags of Our Fathers,” first published in 2000, was on best-seller lists for nearly a year. It was later made into a movie directed by Clint Eastwood.

《父輩的旗幟》於2000年首次出版，在近一年的時間裏一直穩居多個暢銷書排行榜。小說後來被改編成電影，由克林特·伊斯特伍德(Clint Eastwood)執導。

“Here is the true story behind the six flag raisers and the immortal photograph that came to symbolize the power and courage of America during World War II,” reads a summary on the back of a paperback edition of the book. “In ‘Flags of Our Fathers,’ the son of one of the flag raisers captures the glory, the heartbreak, and the legacy of the six ordinary boys who came together at a crucial moment in one of history’s bloodiest battles — and lifted the heart and spirit of a nation at war.”

“這是那六名豎旗士兵以及那幅永垂不朽的照片背後的真實故事。那幅照片成了美國在二戰期間的力量和勇氣的象徵，”一本平裝版的《父輩的旗幟》封底上的內容簡介寫道。“在《父輩的旗幟》中，其中一名豎旗士兵的兒子刻畫了這六位平凡小夥子的光榮、心碎和傳奇。在一場堪稱史上最血腥的戰鬥的關鍵時刻，他們走到了一起，提振了一個處於戰爭狀態的國家的情緒和精神。”

The Marine Corps acknowledged in a written statement that “a private organization” had approached it with new information about the photograph and that it was investigating the matter, but it would not comment on what that information was.

海軍陸戰隊在一份書面聲明中承認，“一個私人機構”找到海軍陸戰隊，告知他們有關這張照片的新信息。海軍陸戰隊稱正在調查此事，但不願就相關信息的內容發表評論。

Marine officials said the inquiry was being led by the corps’ chief historian, and the commandant of the Marine Corps is expected to be briefed on the results of the investigation in the coming weeks. It is not clear when the Marines will release the findings to the public.

海軍陸戰隊的官員稱，調查是在其首席歷史學家的引領下進行的，並表示海軍陸戰隊的指揮官預計會在接下來幾周聽取調查結果。尚不清楚海軍陸戰隊將於何時把調查結果公之於衆。

“Rosenthal’s photo captured a single moment in the 36-day battle during which more than 6,500 U.S. servicemen made the ultimate sacrifice for our nation, and it is representative of the more than 70,000 U.S. Marines, sailors, soldiers and Coast Guardsmen that took part in the battle,” said Maj. Clark Carpenter, a spokesman for the Marines. “We are humbled by the service and sacrifice of all who fought on Iwo Jima.”

“羅斯塔爾的照片所捕捉的，是那場持續了36天的戰鬥中的一個瞬間。在那場戰鬥期間，超過6500名美國軍人爲國捐軀。照片代表了參加那次戰鬥的7萬多名海軍陸戰隊將士、海軍將士、陸軍將士和海岸警衛隊將士，”海軍陸戰隊發言人克拉克·卡彭特少校(Maj. Clark Carpenter)說。“在硫磺島上奮戰過的所有人的付出和犧牲令我們肅然起敬。”