黑名單形同虛設:波士頓案嫌犯曾被列入恐怖分子觀察名單

U.S. authorities put alleged Boston bomber Tamerlan Tsarnaev on two separate watch lists in 2011 after Russian security agencies twice reached out to their American counterparts, raising new questions about missed opportunities to prevent the attack.

2011年，美國有關部門曾將波士頓爆炸案嫌犯塔梅爾蘭•特薩爾納伊夫(Tamerlan Tsarnaev)列入兩份不同的觀察名單。在那之前，俄羅斯安全機構曾兩次主動接觸美國安全部門。這一信息提出了新的疑問，即有關部門是否錯過了阻止此次爆炸案發生的機會。

Russian officials contacted the Federal Bureau of Investigation in March 2011, then reached out to the Central Intelligence Agency in September of that year, citing concerns Mr. Tsarnaev might have been associating with extremists, according to U.S. officials.

據美國官員透露，俄羅斯官員曾在2011年3月聯繫美國聯邦調查局(FBI)，然後又在同年9月主動接觸了美國中央情報局(CIA)，稱特薩爾納伊夫可能和極端分子存在聯繫。

The FBI has said it interviewed Mr. Tsarnaev and conducted a threat assessment, but found nothing 'derogatory' that could prompt further investigation. A U.S. law-enforcement official said the case was closed after three months, after the FBI asked Russian counterparts for additional information, but received none.

美國聯邦調查局說，該機構曾找過特薩爾納伊夫問話，也對他進行過威脅評估，但沒有發現任何足以支持進一步調查的“非正常現象”。美國執法機構的一名官員說，美國聯邦調查局曾向俄羅斯安全部門尋求更多信息，但一無所獲。三個月之後便結案了。

U.S. officials said Wednesday that at the request of the CIA, Mr. Tsarnaev was added to a broad database called Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment, which holds hundreds of thousands of names flagged by multiple U.S. security agencies.

美國官員週三表示，應中央情報局的要求，特薩爾納伊夫被列入了一個叫做“恐怖分子身份數據環境”(Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment)的大型數據庫。這個數據庫儲存了數十萬被美國多家安全機構重點關注的名字。

Because Mr. Tsarnaev was a permanent resident of the U.S., the CIA alerted relevant domestic agencies, including the FBI, 'specifying that Tamerlan may be of interest to them,' a U.S. intelligence official said.

一位美國情報官員說，由於特薩爾納伊夫是美國永久居民，中央情報局曾提醒包括美國聯邦調查局在內的相關國內機構，明確稱他們可能會對特薩爾納伊夫感興趣。

The information Russia provided the CIA was 'identical' to what it gave the FBI in March 2011, another U.S. intelligence official said. It included two possible dates of birth for Mr. Tsarnaev, his name spelled in Cyrillic letters and a transliteration of the name that was different from what Mr. Tsarnaev used in official U.S. records.

另一位美國情報官員說，俄羅斯向中央情報局提供的信息與其2011年3月提供給美國聯邦調查局的信息相同。其中包括特薩爾納伊夫兩個可能的出生日期，用西裏爾字母拼寫的他的名字，以及他名字的音譯。這一音譯同美國官方記錄中使用的特薩爾納伊夫的名字不同。

The apparent communication snags may at least partly be explained by the sometimes uneasy relationship between U.S. and Russian intelligence and law-enforcement agencies.

美俄情報和執法機構之間有時並不融洽的關係或許至少可以解釋這種明顯的溝通不暢。

Even since the bombings, information sharing between Russian and U.S. agencies has been 'a challenge,' a congressional aide briefed on the matter said.

一位聽取了有關此事簡報的美國國會助手說，甚至是在爆炸案發生以來，俄美情報機構之間的信息共享工作也面臨挑戰。

The FBI's earlier contact with Mr. Tsarnaev already had caused his name to be put in another database, called TECS, which is used by U.S. police and national-security agencies, two law-enforcement officials said.

兩位美國執法機構的官員稱，美國聯邦調查局此前同特薩爾納伊夫的接觸已經導致他的名字被列入另外一個名叫TECS的數據庫。該數據庫主要爲美國警方和國家安全機構所使用。

Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano said Tuesday that U.S. authorities were aware when Mr. Tsarnaev traveled to Russia in January 2012, because the system 'pinged' when his name was entered in flight data.

美國國土安全部長納波利塔諾(Janet Napolitano)週二說，美國有關部門清楚特薩爾納伊夫2012年1月前往俄羅斯的信息，因爲當他的名字被輸入飛行數據時，系統曾有提示。

Because the FBI's earlier inquiry had been concluded without finding any terrorism concerns, there was no obvious reason to bar him from flying, U.S. officials said. Officials said the FBI and other agencies did as much as they legally were authorized, given the limited information passed on by Russian authorities.

美國官員說，由於美國聯邦調查局此前的調查已經結束，且沒有發現任何恐怖主義問題，所以沒有明顯理由禁止他飛行。有關官員說，鑑於俄羅斯方面傳遞的信息有限，美國聯邦調查局和其它機構在法律授予的權限範圍內已經竭盡所能。

The FBI and CIA decisions to add Mr. Tsarnaev to passive U.S. security databases are routine and intended to send alerts to other security agencies. Taking more investigative action, or putting him on a no-fly list, could have raised constitutional questions given the limited grounds for suspicion at the time, they said.

美國聯邦調查局和中央情報局將特薩爾納伊夫的名字列入美國被動安全數據庫的決定是常規做法，旨在提醒其它安全機構。這些官員說，採取更多的調查行動，或將特薩爾納伊夫列入禁飛名單可能會引發憲法方面的問題，因爲當時懷疑特薩爾納伊夫的理由有限。

More details emerged Wednesday about the bombing. Investigators believe the bombs were detonated using controls from remote-control model cars, two U.S. officials said. They are believed to have radio signals that reach only short distances, unlike more-sophisticated cellphone-activated detonators, the officials said.

週三浮現出更多有關此次爆炸案的細節。兩名美國官員說，調查人員相信，炸彈是用遙控模型車使用的遙控裝置引爆的。這兩位官員說，和那些使用手機激活的、更爲複雜的引爆裝置不同，這種遙控裝置據信只能發射短距離傳輸的無線電信號。