託福閱讀備考10個高分黃金原則

新託福閱讀備考中的技巧很多，但是還是有些原則性的技巧是大家必須得知道的。這些原則可以指導大家在托福考試中少走很多的彎路的同時拿到託福閱讀高分。下面小編就爲大家送上託福閱讀備考10個高分黃金原則。

託福閱讀備考10個高分黃金原則

1　原文是做題的唯一依據。

2　細節題要在原文找到相應的點，可進行適當的推理，但一定要與原文對照，遵循原句主旨.

3　對於理解中本身感覺有點不妥當的地方一定要重視，不可忽略，尤其是這些地方成爲考點的時候，一定要理解清楚。

4　指代題中要認清主語：eg. a bottle of water。 簡單的一個短句在指代中學會類推：description of behavior。

5 推理源於文中，合理切合主旨。或者只是原句的另一種表達。

6　個人感覺指代儘可能在原句中找，不用參考上下文，但上下文可以用來做檢驗。

7　與原句意思本身不符的肯定錯。所以排除時肯定的先排除，然後不定的再酙酌。

8　概括性題目個人感覺是每段大概有一個主題，把大的主題整在一起就是了。

9　有些時候過於明顯的答案可能是錯誤的，需要找隱藏點的。

10　再次強調一點，尊重原文，答案來自原文，矛盾的肯定爲錯。

託福閱讀TPO30第1篇:Role of play in Development

【1】Play is easier to define with examples than with concepts. In any case, in animals it consists of leaping, running, climbing, throwing, wrestling, and other movements, either along, with objects, or with other animals. Depending on the species, play may be primarily for social interaction, exercise, or exploration. One of the problems in providing a clear definition of play is that it involves the same behaviors that take place in other circumstance—dominance, predation, competition, and real fighting. Thus, whether play occurs or not depends on the intention of the animals, and the intentions are not always clear from behaviors alone.

【2】Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals. Play has been studied most extensively in primates and canids (dogs). Exactly why animals play is still a matter debated in the research literature, and the reasons may not be the same for every species that plays. Determining the functions of play is difficult because the functions may be long-term, with beneficial effects not showing up until the animal's adulthood.

【3】Play is not without considerable costs to the individual animal. Play is usually very active, involving movement in space and, at times, noisemaking. Therefore, it results in the loss of fuel or energy that might better be used for growth or for building up fat stores in a young animal. Another potential cost of this activity is greater exposure to predators since play is attention-getting behavior. Great activities also increase the risk of injury in slipping or falling.

【4】The benefits of play must outweigh costs, or play would not have evolved, according to Darwin' s theory. Some of the potential benefits relate directly to the healthy development of the brain and nervous system. In one research study, two groups of young rats were raised under different conditions. One group developed in an "enriched" environment, which allowed the rats to interact with other rats, play with toys, and receive maze training. The other group lived in an "impoverished" environment in individual cages in a dimly lit room with little stimulation. At the end of the experiments, the results showed that the actual weight of the brains of the impoverished rats was less than that of those raised in the enriched environment (though they were fed the same diets). Other studies have shown that greater stimulation not only affects the size of the brain but also increase the number of connections between the nerve cells. Thus, active play may provide necessary stimulation to the growth of synaptic connections in the brain, especially the cerebellum, which is responsible for motor functioning and movements.

【5】Play also stimulates the development of the muscle tissues themselves and may provide the opportunities to practice those movements needed for survival. Prey species, like young deer or goats, for example, typically play by performing sudden flight movements and turns, whereas predator species, such as cats, practice stalking, pouncing, and biting.

【6】Play allows a young animal to explore its environment and practice skill in comparative safety since the surrounding adults generally do not expect the young to deal with threats or predators. Play can also provide practice in social behaviors needed for courtship and mating. Learning appropriate social behaviors is especially important for species that live in groups, like young monkeys that needed to learn to control selfishness and aggression and to understand the give-and-take involved in social groups. They need to learn how to be dominant and submissive because each monkey might have to play either role in the future. Most of these things are learned in the long developmental periods that primates have, during which they engage in countless play experiences with their peers.

【7】There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. Thus, many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. Dogs, for example, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play."

託福閱讀TPO30試題第1篇:Role of Play in Development

rding to paragraph 1, why is play difficult to define?

must be defined with concepts, not examples.

behavior often looks like nonplay behavior.

often occurs in the presence of animals that are not playing.

occurs independently of an animal's intentions.

rding to paragraph 2, which of the following presents a particular challenge to researchers who study play behavior in animals

delay between activities and the benefits the animal derives from them.

difficulty in determining which animal species play and which do not.

fact that for most animals, there is no clear transition from youth to full adulthood.

lack of research on the play behavior of animals other than canids and primates.

word "considerable" in the passage paragraph 3 is closest in the meaning to

ial.

tical.

tually.

ificant.

rding to paragraph 3, each of the following is a cost to animals that engage in play EXCEPT

sure to predators.

B.a buildup of fat stores.

C.a loss of fuel that could be used for growth.

of injury from slipping or falling.

does the author include the comment "though they were fed the same diets"?

show why rats living in impoverished environments need less food than those living in enriched environments.

eliminate the possibility that differences in diet were responsibly for observed differences in brain weight.

emphasize the point that rats were fed only the amount of food needed to keep them alive.

suggest that rats fed the same diet have smaller brains than those fed a varied food.

graph 4 supports which of the following statements about an animal's brain.

heavier the brain, the richer the environment in which the animal was raised.

younger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.

larger the animal, the harder it is to develop new connections between nerve cells.

larger the animal's cerebellum, the larger will be the animal's nerve cells.

rding to paragraph 5, why might play behavior of prey species be different from those of predator species?

ke predator species, prey species use play to prevent inappropriate social behaviors, such as biting.

prey species are physically incapable of certain types of predator movements.

survival of each species type is linked to particular sets of muscular movements.

ator species have more opportunities to practice play behaviors than prey species.

word "comparative" in the passage paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to

tive.

orary.

icient.

lete.

h of the sentences below best expresses the essential information inthe highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 6 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

monkeys that have learned to control their selfish and aggressive behaviors can be involved in social groups.

ish and aggressive animals like monkeys live in groups in order to practice appropriate social behaviors.

eys and other social animals need to learn behaviors appropriate for their social groups.

monkeys are naturally too selfish and aggressive to understand the give-and-take of social groups, so they learn such important behaviors while young.

can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the role of adults in play activities of the young?

ts help their young learn to become dominant within the social group.

g animals learn how to play from the adults within their social group.

ts allow the young to engage in play behaviors within a protected, sage environment.

long developmental period of some animals allows adults more time to teach their young how to deal with the threats of predators.

word "potentially" in the passage paragraph 7 is closest in meaning to

ubtedly.

ibly.

rtunately.

kly.

rding to paragraph 7, how do some animals ensure that other animals understand that they are just playing?

playing only with animals who are not predator.

avoiding any aspects of the play behavior that are dangerous.

practicing non-aggressive and non-predatory behaviors.

using a set of signals that occurs only in play.

13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? With messages such as those, even dogs that are strangers to each other can be playing within a few minutes.

There is a danger, of course, that play may be misinterpreted or not recognized as play by others, potentially leading to aggression. ■【A】This is especially true when play consists of practicing normal aggressive or predator behaviors. ■【B】Thus,many species have evolved clear signals to delineate playfulness. ■【C】Dogs, forexample, will wag their tails, get down their front legs, and stick their behinds in the air to indicate "what follows is just for play." ■【D】

14. Directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary be selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Play appears to be a developmental characteristic of animals with fairly sophisticated nervous systems, mainly birds and mammals.

ough play often resembles aggression, flight, or other purposeful activities, researchers do not degree on the reasons for and functions of play

ough many animals develop physically from play, too many young animals become victims of their natural predators while playing.

als such as rats, dogs, deer, goats and monkeys learn how to be both dominant and submissive during play activities so that they will fit in better with their adult social groups.

function of play is still debated in the research literature primarily because each animal species uses so few of the many available types of play behavior.

gy expenditure and security risks are some of the costs to animals of play behavior, but the costs are not so great that they outweigh the long-term benefits of play to the species.

experiments and observations have shown, animals that play at some stages of their development obtain neurological, muscular, or social benefits from the play behaviors.

託福閱讀TPO30答案第1篇:Role of Play in Development

1.原文中，同樣的behavior會同時發生在play和其他一些非play的情況中，所以B正確。A與原文第一句矛盾。C選項沒有提到。D選項與原文第一段最後一句矛盾。

2.看第二段的最後兩句。倒數第二句說動物玩耍的原因仍然在被debating，後面說確定玩耍的作用(function)非常難，那也就對應了原題的challenge。Because後面出現了原因，說這些function是長期的，其beneficial要到動物成年纔出現。所以跟A選項吻痕。B、C選項原文沒提到。D選項也和問題無關。

iderable：重要的，值得考慮的。選項A是最初的，B是實用的，C是最終的，D是重大的，有意義的。所以D符合，另外後文提到了各種cost和loss。所以可以理解considerable cost可以理解爲一定量的損失或者風險。

4.從Therefore開始後面的都是potential cost。三種cost已經用紅色字體標出。B選項看似提到了，但是原文是說失去了fat store的機會，而不是因爲play而build up了。所以B錯。

5.這裏提到的試驗的結果。前面從in one research of study開始描述這個試驗，提到了兩個對比組，under different conditions。後面是在說結果，括號裏面的內容是對結論的解釋說明。A,C,D三個選項一點兒都不沾邊。只要高中學過一點數理化就知道這個是控制變量的試驗，所以答案選B。

6.原文中從other studies 開始有描述了另外的觀點。說greater stimulation不僅會影響大腦的大小，也會增加神經細胞間的連接的數量，而這個stimulation是由active play提供的。根據上文，環境越複雜，active play就越多，因此stimulation就越多，導致動物的大腦更大，也就更重。所以A選項符合這個觀點。BCD都沒提到。

7.這道題的關鍵詞在於needed for survival。因爲prey species和predator species對於survival的要求不同，所以導致他們play behavior也不同。所以選C。 A，B，D原文都沒提到。

arative是相對的，相當的。A是相對的;B是暫時的;C是充足的;D是完成的。所以選擇A。這裏C可能會是迷惑選項，因爲其意思帶入原文也通順，但是失去了原詞的"比較"的那層意思。

9.這道題中的原句主幹是learning social behavior is important，特別是對於羣居的動物。然後用了monkey做例證。A選項只提到了monkeys要控制自己才能融入羣體，但沒提到主幹部分。 B選項說自私和攻擊性強的動物藥學social behavior，這就把其他動物排除在外了，改變了原句的意思。C正確，不僅提到了monkey也說到了其他的social animals(which means species that live in groups)爲了融入羣體要學social behavior。 D是錯誤選項，原文並沒說猴子太自私以至於不能理解give and take…與原文矛盾，不選。

10.根據young & adult定位到第六段第一句。說成年動物要讓年輕的動物在相對安全的環境下玩兒。 因此可以得到答案C正確。A原文沒有說讓young去學怎麼dominant，B原文雖然提到social group 但沒提到是從adults身上學習。D原文完全沒有相關描寫。

11.potentially潛在地。A市毫無疑問地; B是可能地;C是不幸地;D是快速地。前半句中有May be，表達了一中可能性，後半句沒有轉折，應該是接上上半句往下說的。所以意思應該想近。

12.這一段前半部分一直在描述說有動物之間會誤以爲是真的aggression，中間出現了thus證明後面會說解決的方法。這裏說解決方法是用clear signals 去表達playfulness。所以答案是D。

13.要插入的句子開頭爲With message such as those，那麼說明前面肯定會描述一些messages，後面又說even dogs，那證明前面應該也提到了狗的行爲。所以這裏應該插在最後一個空裏。

14.選項A對應在原文第一段，提到play的行爲包括了running，climbing，fighting等等aggression的行爲，但是很難確定其function所以A正確。E對應原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到說play是long-term beneficial的，第四段開頭說好處一定會outweigh其costs。B這個原文沒有提到，雖然第三段提到了potential cost，後面也說adults通常會讓young在相對安全的情況下play，但並沒有說太多太多的小動物變成了victims。不選。C這個原文雖然說他們要學social behavior，但沒提到說這類動物要學着去dominant，不選。D選項對應原文第一段，但選項中的原因和原文不符，不選。E對應原文第三段，potential cost提到了loss of energy，security risks等等，但是第一段也提到說play是long-term beneficial的，第四段開頭說好處一定會outweigh其costs。F選項對應原文第四，五段。第四段說play會影響大腦發育，神經細胞間連接的數量。第五段說到了有益於muscle tissue的發育。後文第六段也提到了social Benefits。